1. Aim: Locomotion

2. Animal Movement What are the advantages of being mobile? sessile

3. Lots of ways to get around…

4. Lots of ways to get around…
mollusk
mammal
bird
reptile

5. Lots of ways to get around…
bird
insect
mammal
bird

6. Functions of Muscular/Skeletal
Support
Protection
Making blood cells
Shape
Movement

7. involuntary, contract on their own
Muscles
involuntary, contract on their own
voluntary
All cells have a fine network of actin and myosin fibers that contribute to cellular movement. But only muscle cells have them in such great abundance and far more organized for contraction.
SMOOTH MUSCLE Smooth muscle was the first to evolve. Lining of blood vessels, wall of the gut, iris of the eye. Some contract only when stimulated by nerve impulse. Others generate electrical impulses spontaneously and then are regulated by nervous system.
CARDIAC MUSCLE Small interconnected cell with only one nucleus. Interconnected through gap junctions. Single functioning unit that contract in unison via this intercellular communication. Mostly generate electrical impulses spontaneously. Regulated rather than initial stimulation by nervous system.
SKELETAL MUSCLE Fusion of many cells so multi-nucleated. Attached by tendon to bone. Long thin cells called muscle fibers.
involuntary
evolved first

8. Muscles movement Muscles do work by contracting
skeletal muscles come in antagonistic pairs
flexor vs. extensor
contracting = shortening
move skeletal parts

10. Muscles movement 1) Tendons connect bone to muscle 2) Ligaments
connect bone to bone

11. Cartilage turns to bone through ossification
Protein fibers of elastin and collagen
No blood vessels (relies on diffusion)
Flexible, in between joints
Cartilage turns to bone through ossification

12. Fast twitch & slow twitch muscles
Slow twitch muscle fibers
contract slowly, but keep going for a long time
more mitochondria for aerobic respiration
long distance runner
“dark” meat = more blood vessels

13. Fast twitch muscle fibers
contract quickly, but get tired rapidly
sprinter
“white” meat

14. Muscle limits Muscle fatigue Muscle cramps low O2 nerve fatigue
lactic acid lowers pH which interferes with protein function
nerve fatigue
Muscle cramps
build up of lactic acid
lack of energy (ATP)
ion imbalance

15. Botox Bacteria Clostridium botulinum toxin
blocks release of nerve transmitter
muscle

16. Axial & Appendicular Skelton
Skeletal System
Contains 206 bones
2 main parts:
Axial & Appendicular Skelton
Axial
skull, vertebrae, ribs, & breastbone
Appendicular
Arms & leg bones
Pelvic & Shoulder Girdle

17. Types of Joints Ball & Socket Shoulder & hips
Allow movement in ALL directions
ball & socket
Hinge
Elbow and knee
Back-and-forth motion
hinge
Pivot
Base of skull
Allow side-to-side as well as up-down motion
pivot

19. Diseases associated with Locomotion
ALS
Lou Gehrig’s disease
motor neurons degenerate
Myasthenia gravis
auto-immune
antibodies to nerve transmitter chemical
Stephen Hawking