1. RESEARCH & STATISTICS

2. What are the 3 types of psychological research?
Experimental
Descriptive
Correlational

3. The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that we knew it was going to happen is called…
Hindsight Bias

4. What is the only type of research that can show cause and effect?
Experiments!

5. In an experiment, the research must make a prediction trying to show a relationship between 2 variables. What is this testable prediction called?
Hypothesis

6. Researchers want their research to measure what it is meant to (it’s accurate). If it does, the research
is .
Valid

7. Research is considered reliable when it can be .
Replicated (recreating the study & get the same results)

8. Whatever is being manipulated in an experiment is called the
Whatever is being manipulated in an experiment is called the and what is being measured is called the
If , then
Independent Dependent

9. Anything that causes change in the results of the experiment are called.
Confounding/extraneous variables

10. In an experiment, the hypothesis could be that Eating Cookies before the test would increase test scores. Name the independent, dependent, and 3 confounding variables.
Independent: the cookie
Dependent: the test scores
Confounding: weekend to study, were told the answers, Mrs. Aspril is awesome!

11. When choosing participants for an experiment, they should be placed into 2 groups. Name each group and which receives the independent variable.
Experimental, Control
Experimental receives the independent variable

12. What is often given to the control group to make them think they are in the experimental group?
Placebo-receive NONE of the independent variable
Ex: drug experiment, placebo is a sugar pill

13. What is the purpose of having a random sample?
It is representative of the population because each person has an equal chance of being included in the research

14. To minimize differences between the control and experimental groups are as much as possible, participants should be placed into groups using .
Random Assignment

15. What is the procedure called when neither the researcher nor the participants know who is in the experimental group?
Double Blind

16. In what type of descriptive research would you get a full, detailed picture of one person or small group?
Case Study

17. Name the biggest weakness of case studies.
The findings are not always GENERALIZABLE to the entire population

18. Name one positive and one negative about surveys.
Positive: cheap & easy way to collect data
Negatives: surveys are not always worded well, people are not always truthful, low response rate (maybe only 1 in 100 will respond)

19. Name 2 important facts concerning a naturalistic observation.
Do not intervene in any way
Observe people in their natural environment
Cannot know what people are thinking/feeling because you are only observing their behavior

20. What is the purpose of correlational research?
To explore the relationship between 2 variables

21. What are the 3 measures of central tendency AND explain each?
Mean-average
Median-value in the middle
Mode-value that occurs most often

22. Given these values, find the mean, median, and mode.
10, 10, 8, 6, 1
Mean: 7
Median: 8
Mode: 10

23. What measure of central tendency is most affected by oultiers?
Mean

24. What is the number that shows the strength of a relationship between 2 variables?
Correlation coefficient

25. Which of the following has a stronger correlation?
+.03
-.87
+.80
-.34
Remember the closer to +1 or -1 the stronger the relationship
The closer to 0 the weaker the relationship

26. What is the range of the following values?
17, 45, 15, 26, 38 30
Remember, highest score-lowest score=range

27. A correlation is STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT if the chances of it occurring by chance are less than%? 5%

28. Look at the following scatterplot. What type of relationship do you see?
Positive Correlation, both values are increasing
A negative correlation if one value is increasing and one is decreasing

29. If participants in an experiment know that they are being studied, it could alter the results. What is this phenomenon called?
Hawthorne Effect

30. What is the average distance from the mean called?
Standard Deviation

31. In a normal distribution of scores, what percentage of the scores will fall within 1 standard deviation?
68%
95% within 2 SDs
98% within 3 SDs

32. What is it called when we think that a relationship exists when it really doesn’t?
Illusory Correlation

33. You are responsible for knowing the following:
SQ3R
Longitudinal studies
Cross-sectional studies
Ethics