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HYDROLOGY Notes ©Mark Place,
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The water cycle is also called the cycle.
hydrologic
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Water that is stored in the oceans and lakes can and become a gas.
evaporate
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As the water rises through the atmosphere, it cools,
condenses and becomes clouds
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When the water gets heavy enough it can fall to the ground in the form of different types of
precipitation
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and flow directly into streams, rivers, or lakes.
If the lithosphere (ground) is saturated, the water that has fallen can become and flow directly into streams, rivers, or lakes. runoff
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If the lithosphere is not saturated, the water will
the lithosphere and move into the zone of or the zone of infiltrate aeration saturation
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The interface (boundary) between these two zones is called the
water table
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The roots of plants can reach into the zone of
soak up the water, and the water can then re-enter the atmosphere through the process of saturation transpiration
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runoff runoff water table impermeable bedrock zone of saturation
transpiration condensation precipitation runoff zone of aeration evaporation runoff evaporation water table infiltration zone of saturation impermeable bedrock
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Porosity
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Total volume of empty space
Porosity = Total volume of empty space ÷ total volume of soil What materials would you need to calculate the porosity of a sample of soil? graduated cylinder water
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***Particle size alone does not determine porosity***
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If particles are sorted, they are all the same size
Porosity Particle Sorting
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If particles are sorted, they are all the same size
Porosity Particle Packing
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Which is more porous, a container of:
round particles or angular particles tightly packed particles or loosely packed particles c. well-sorted particles or unsorted particles d. large beads or small beads
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Capillarity The upward movement of water in soil due to adhesion (water clinging to soil) and cohesion (water clinging to water).
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Capillarity Soil Particle Size
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Capillarity Soil Sorting
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Capillarity Soil Packing
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PERMEABILITY
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A, because the particles are largest
PERMEABILITY Which column would allow water to flow through fastest? Why? A, because the particles are largest
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Larger particles have less surface area per volume.
PERMEABILITY Why do large particles let water through faster (more permeable)? Larger particles have less surface area per volume.
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PERMEABILITY Particle Size
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If you join sediment from A and D,
PERMEABILITY If you join sediment from A and D, what would happen to the permeability? Why? Decreases, because the small particles fill in the spaces
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PERMEABILITY Particle Sorting
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PERMEABILITY Particle Packing
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Which is more permeable?
PERMEABILITY Which is more permeable? a. small particles or large particles b. frozen ground or unfrozen ground
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RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE
FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE Which will result in greater runoff and stream discharge? an area that is vegetated or an area that is barren an area that has a steep slope or an area that is flat ground that is frozen or ground that is unfrozen d. ground that is saturated or ground that unsaturated
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Weathering Hydrology NOTES ©Mark Place, 2009-2010
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Weathering exfoliation Physical ( Mechanical ) Abrasion Freeze/Thaw
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Chemical Weathering occurs fastest in this type of environment:
oxidation Ayers Rock, Australia hydration Chemical Chemical Weathering occurs fastest in this type of environment: warm, moist
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Surface Area and Weathering
Why will smaller particles weather faster? Smaller particles have larger surface areas.
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Surface area = length x width
4 cm. 6 sides X 4cm. X 4cm. = 64 cm2 8 cubes x 6 sides X 2 cm. X 2 cm. = 192 cm2 64 cubes X 6 sides X 1 cm. X 1 cm. = 256 cm2
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Pebbles Sand Silt Clay Which will weather faster and why?
because it is the smallest
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Weathering Rate Particle Size
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Soil What is soil? Soil is a mixture of weathered rock and humus (decaying plant and animal matter). Note: Hummus is bean dip.
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Soil Conservation To go from weathered rock to one inch of topsoil takes about 1 million years.
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Residual Soil Transported Soil
Soil that forms and stays in one place. Similar composition as the bedrock. Transported Soil Soil that got moved. Most soils are transported.
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Hydrology NOTES Erosion ©Mark Place, 2009-2010
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the movement of weathered material
EROSION What is erosion? the movement of weathered material
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the movement of weathered material
EROSION the movement of weathered material
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SLUMP – a slow landslide.
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Agents of erosion Ice Water Wind Gravity
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Greatest FORCE Greatest AGENT water gravity
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What agent of erosion shaped most of New York’s landscapes? Glaciers (ice)
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carving out V-shaped valleys?
What agent of erosion is responsible for carving out V-shaped valleys? Figure A steep mountain stream eroded a V-shaped valley into soft shale in the Canadian Rockies. running water
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carving out U-shaped valleys?
What agent of erosion is responsible for carving out U-shaped valleys? glaciers
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GLACIER
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Slope
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Erosion rate versus slope
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If the slope is greater (steep), then there is MORE or LESS EROSION
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Erosion rate versus Slope
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Discharge the amount of water
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STREAM VELOCITY EROSION DISCHARGE
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Meandering Streams
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Where is erosion greatest? Outside of Curve
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Where does the river flow fastest? Center down from surface
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Oxbow Lakes
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Oxbow Lakes
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Geneseo, NY HILL 20 A
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What page can this graph
be found in the ESRTS? On page 6 À la page 6 En la página 6 第6页上
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What’s the minimum speed water need to be moving in order to transport sand?
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In order to move a particle that is 10.0 cm, a stream’s velocity would need to be at least _______ cm/sec.
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Wind Erosion desert wind erosion pitted
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How sand dunes form
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Which direction is the wind blowing?
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Deposition Hydrology NOTES ©Mark Place, 2009-2010
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least amount of time to settle
big objects take the least amount of time to settle FASTEST
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denser particles settle first
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Rate of Settling SettlingTime Particle Size
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High Rate = Small time Low Rate = Large time
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Rate of Settling Settling Time Particle Shape
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Rate of Settling SettlingTime Roundness
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Rate of Settling SettlingTime Particle Density
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Rate of Deposition Slope
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Rate of Deposition Stream Velocity
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Rate of Deposition Stream Discharge
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Deposition in Rivers Are stream deposits sorted (same sized particles) or unsorted (mixed sized particles)? SORTED
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Where is deposition greatest? Inside of Curve Mouth of River
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Why? lowest velocity
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Deposition by Streams: Graded Bedding
slow fast slow fast
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What happens to particle size?
Why?
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What happens to particle size?
decreases, because the velocity decreases
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delta What is this?
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large small
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What agent? wind
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Sorted or unsorted?
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What direction?
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What agentof erosion was responsible for the deposition of these unsorted sediments? glacier
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Glacial Deposits till unsorted
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Glacial Deposits erratics
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Glacial Deposits striations
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Glacial Features
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Drumlin
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Kame
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Kettle Lakes
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Esker
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Moraine
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