1. Kennedy & The Cold War Kennedy & The Cold War
Chapter 28-1 ●

2. 1960
1960

3. The Election of 1960 Eisenhower ends 2nd term Economic recession
Sputnik I and long-range missile launches spark fear that the US is falling behind USSR
U-2 Incident
Cuba aligned with USSR

4. The Election of 1960 Richard Nixon John F. Kennedy Republican
Vice President under Eisenhower (very popular president)
Wanted to ride Eisenhower’s coattails
Protestant
No strong stance on Civil Rights
Performed poorly in televised debates
John F. Kennedy
Democrat
Senator from Massachusetts
Roman Catholic
Well-organized campaign
Wealthy family
Civil Rights advocate
Performed well in televised debates

5. Presidential Debates of 1960

6. October 1960 President Eisenhower (R) Richard Nixon
Martin Luther King and 33 others are arrested for sitting at a segregated lunch counter. All the protestors were released, except for King, who was sentenced to hard labor (officially for a traffic violation).
EFFECT: News of JFK’s actions helped him to carry the African-American vote and key states in the Midwest & South
President Eisenhower (R)
Refused to intervene
Richard Nixon
Neither takes a public position
John F. Kennedy
JFK calls MLK’s wife to express sympathy
Robert Kennedy (brother/campaign manager) persuaded the judge to release MLK on bail

7. November 1960 JFK wins election Smallest victory margin since 1884
Fewer then 119,000 votes

8. 1961
1961

9. JFK’s Inauguration Invites artists, writers, and cultural figures
Includes Marian Anderson
Opera singer banned from Daughters of the Revolution meeting, who instead sang on steps of Lincoln Memorial; invited by Eleanor Roosevelt

10. JFK’s Inauguration
“My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.”
—John F. Kennedy

11. John F. Kennedy Becomes the 35th President

12.
CAMELOT

13. —Camelot; Opened on Broadway 1960
The Camelot Years
“Don’t let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief shinning moment known as Camelot.”
—Camelot; Opened on Broadway 1960

14. The Kennedy Mystique Americans are obsessed with the family JFK
Wife Jacqueline and their 2 children
Young daughter, Caroline
Infant son, John, Jr.
The Brothers
Joe (killed in action during WWII
John
Robert
Ted

21. Ted
JFK
RFK
The Kennedy Brothers

22. The Best and the Brightest
Robert Kennedy
Attorney General
McGeorge Bundy
Former Harvard University President
National Security Advisor
Robert McNamara
Secretary of Defense
Former President of Ford Motor Company
Dean Rusk
Secretary of State
Former President of the Rockefeller Foundation

23. New Military Policy
Felt that the Eisenhower administration had not done enough to contain Communism
Redefine nuclear strategy

24. New Military Policy Flexible Response
“The Kennedy Administration worried that [the] reliance on nuclear weapons gave us no way to respond to non-nuclear attacks without committing suicide… We decided to broaden the range of options by strengthening and modernizing the military’s ability to fight a nonnuclear war.”
Robert McNamara (in retrospect)

25. New Military Policy Increased spending on nonnuclear military needs
Troops, ships, artillery
Created elite branch of military, Green Berets
Tripled nuclear capability

26. Crisis in Cuba
: Fidel Castro fights guerilla war to topple Fulgencio Batista
Fought revolution with the promise of democracy
Gained power and was internationally recognized in 1960
Eisenhower’s administration had cut off relations with Cuba

27. Crisis in Cuba
1961: Castro openly declared himself Communist and accepted aid from the USSR
Castro seized control of 3 America oil refineries
Broke up commercial farms into communes to be worked my peasants
In response, the US bans the import of Cuban sugar

28. Crisis in Cuba Castro represses political opponents
Castro’s reliance on USSR support increases
One dictator has been replaced with a new one
10% of the Cuban population becomes refugees and lives in exile in Miami, FL

29. Bay of Pigs Invasion
March 1960: President Eisenhower gives CIA permission to train a counter-revolutionary force of Cuban exiles
JFK approves plans for an exile-run invasion of Cuba once he’s elected
April 17, 1961: 1,300-1,500 exiles invade Cuba
The invasion fails
Some exiles are killed, others imprisoned
JFK negotiates with Castro for their release
$53 million in food and medical aid

30. Bay of Pigs Invasion
Publicly: JFK takes responsibility for the failure
Privately: JFK blames the CIA and Pentagon
Cuba relies even more heavily on the support of the USSR

31. BFFs: Castro & Khrushchev

32. Cuban Missile Crisis
Summer 1962: USSR supply of weapons (including nukes) to Cuba increases
October 14, 1962: US spy planes photograph nuclear missiles in Cuba
October 22, 1962: JFK informs the US that there are missiles on Cuba and that any attack from Cuba would trigger an all-out attack on the USSR

33. Cuban Missile Crisis

34. The Cuban Missile Crisis

35. Cuban Missile Crisis
The Next 6 Days: 100,000 man invasion force assembles in FL
End Result:
Khrushchev agrees to have no nukes in Cuba
JFK agrees not to invade Cuba
JFK agrees to remove nukes from Turkey aimed at the USSR

36. Cuban Missile Crisis EFFECTS
Both JFK and Khrushchev lost respect in their counties
Castro banned all flights to Miami

37. JFK & the Berlin Wall
August 15, 1961: East German communist authorities build a wall
To stop the “intellectual drainage” of East Germany into West Berlin (and therefore West Germany)
East Germany was economically worse off

41. JFK Speech at the Berlin Wall

42. Both Leaders Attempt to Lessen Tension
Hot Line: Direct phone line between JFK and Khrushchev
Limited Test Ban Treaty: Barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere