1. When should we start studying U.S. History?
Investigate the question of when a course on U.S. history should begin, considering the implications of the following dates: 1453, 1491, 1492, 1517, 1588, and 1607.

2. Essential Questions:
What key changes in Europe took place in the 15th & 16th centuries that allowed for overseas colonization?
How did European exploration in America impact native peoples?
What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, & British patterns of colonization in America?

3. America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans

5. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
04/06/98
Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 4 4 4 4

6. Why did the “Age of Exploration” Occur?
What was the motivation of the individual explorer, conquistador, monarch?

7. Why did the “Age of Exploration” Occur?
What was the motivation of the individual explorer, conquistador, monarch?
Materialism, personal wealth
Glory, personal fame
Religion, conversion of the “heathens”
Nationalism, promoting the wealth and power of the nation
Scientific Curiosity

8. The Old World Explores The New World

9. Voyages of European Exploration
04/06/98 16 17 17 17

10. The Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain versus Portugal

11. The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Spain secured its claim to Columbus’ discovery.
Spain staked claim to the new world.
Portugal was able to claim what is now known as Brazil.

12. The Columbian Exchange

13. How did the European Colonization affect Native Culture?
New Products
Especially Cutting tools, metal
HORSES
Other new animals & foods!!!
Loss of Land
Loss of Liberty
Diminishing of Culture
Language
Customs
Religion

14. How did the European Colonization affect Native Culture?
Diminishing of Numbers
Extinction
Example - Taino
90% death rate
War
Disease
Small Pox
Whooping Cough
Measles
Chicken Pox, etc.

15. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Money
Three times the gold and silver in Europe
Inflation
More money in more hands …
… More People wanting more goods …
… More People making more goods …
… Industrial Revolution

16. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Food
Corn
Tomatoes
Peppers
Chocolate
Pineapples
Sweet Potatoes
Potatoes ***
Health, Nutrition
Economic

17. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Medicine
Vitamins
Anesthetics for Surgery and Dentistry
Cocaine and derivatives
Muscle relaxants for Lockjaw and Muscle spasms
Curare
Expectorants for cold remedies
Guafenisen
Poison treatment
Ipecac
Malaria
“Fever Bark” - Quinine
Analgesics
Aspirin

18. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Recreation
Lacrosse
Tobacco
Chocolate
Government
Iroquois Confederacy
“Federalism” in the US Constitution

19. The Horse
The introduction of the horse would forever transform the Native American cultures of the US
Tribes such as those of the Great Plains converted from agriculturally domestic to nomadic within a very short period of time after acquiring and breeding a significant horse population
Following the buffalo herds became the focus of Native society

20. The Spanish Colonies in America

21. 04/06/98
A World Transformed
Native Americans were eager for European trade; they were not initially victims of Spanish exploration
They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans
Disease decimated perhaps 95% of Native American population 7 7 7 7

22. Spanish Conquests & Colonies
The Spanish used the encomienda system to create large cash crop plantations using Native American & African slave labor
Spanish missionaries focused heavily on converting Native Americans & establishing missions

23. Spanish-American Culture
The Spanish conquerors would establish the encomienda system
Encomienda – a system of villages granted to a privileged Spanish officer or aristocrat
Was responsible for providing for Spanish missionaries and contributing wealth to the empire
Extreme class discrepancy: at one end were the wealthy conquistadores and at the other the impoverished natives

24. From Plunder to Settlement
04/06/98
From Plunder to Settlement
By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards immigrated to the New World
Mostly unmarried males came to New World; intermarriage led to mixed-blood mestizos & mulattos
Distinguished between social classes: peninsulares & creoles
The Spanish government operated strict control over the colonies
Whites from Spain
Whites born in America 17 18 18 18

25. Spanish Empire
Its conquering of the Americas would allow Spain to become the most powerful empire in the world during the 16th Century
“We came here to serve God and King… and to get rich”
Known as “GOD, GLORY, & GOLD!”
Not only disease, but civil wars and religious superstitions also allowed the Europeans, namely the Spanish, to conquer the Native Americans (who GREATLY outnumbered the explorers)
The advanced technology of the Europeans offered an incredible advantage in combat
Gunpowder, cannon, and bullets vs. bows and arrows
Horses (transport and cavalry) and also pigs, cattle, and goats (foodstuffs) played a very important role in conquest

26. The Spread of Catholicism
Catholic missionaries quickly spread to the Americas in the wake of the conquistadors’ victories
The Natives were viewed as pagans and the Catholic religion was in turn imposed upon the people
The spreading epidemics were seen as the wrath of God upon the pagans and justified the actions of the god-fearing Spanish
A few missionaries would become the only advocates that the Natives had among the Europeans
Bartolome de la Casas and A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies
Poet Staceyann Chin reads Bartolomé de Las Casas

27. Sepulveda vs. Cases
What differences does Sepulveda emphasize between Europeans (especially Spaniards) and the Indians?
How does he assert the superiority of European culture?
How are Casas views of the Indians different from those of Sepulveda?

28. Spanish Exploration of the US
Spain would never develop successful settlements (in terms of trade and power) in US territory  mainly due to its primary lust for gold and silver instead of developing centers of trade
Juan Ponce de Leon – explored Florida
Hernando de Soto – explored the Southeast US
Francisco Coronado – explored the Southwest US
St. Augustine – the oldest surviving settlement in the US, established in 1565 in Florida
Spanish missions would dot the Southwest US with some surviving today
Santa Fe was the 1st permanent seat of government in the US
By 1630 there were over 50 missions and 3,000 Spanish in the New Mexico territory

29. Pope’s Rebellion
The Roman Catholic mission became the central institution in colonial New Mexico until the missionaries’ efforts to suppress native religious customs provoked an Indian uprising.
Pope’s Rebellion or the Pueblo Revolt
1680
The Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church & killed priests and settlers.
Pueblo people overthrew Spanish rule for 12 years & weakened Spain’s grasp on the region for years to come.

30. The French Colonies in America

31. The French Claim Canada
04/06/98
The French Claim Canada
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec
French Empire eventually included:
St. Lawrence River
Great Lakes
Mississippi River Valley
The French government strictly controlled the colonies but made little effort to encourage settlement 18 19 19 19

32. The French Claim Canada
04/06/98
The French Claim Canada
Fur trade was the basis of the French colonial economy
Indians became valued trading partners
They had a good relationship with the Natives 18 19 19 19

33. Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged converting Native Americans & establishing missions