1. Astronomy Notes Page 4 The Universe ©Mark Place, 2009-2010

2. Big Bang Animation

3. What did the Big Bang sound like?
Forget the big bang, tune in to the big hum
THE big bang sounded more like a deep hum than a bang, according to an analysis of the radiation left over from the cataclysm. Physicist John Cramer of the University of Washington in Seattle has created audio files of the event which can be played on a PC. "The sound is rather like a large jet plane flying 100 feet above your house in the middle of the night," he says. Giant sound waves propagated through the blazing hot matter that filled the universe shortly after the big bang.
These squeezed and stretched matter, heating the compressed regions and cooling the rarefied ones. Even though the universe has been expanding and cooling ever since, the sound waves have left their imprint as temperature variations on the afterglow of the big bang fireball, the so-called cosmic microwave background. Cramer was prompted to recreate the din- last heard13.7 billion years ago- by an11-year-old boy who wanted to know what the big bang sounded like for a school project.
To produce the sound, Cramer took data from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. Launched in 2001, the probe has been measuring tiny differences in the temperature between different parts of the sky. From these variations, he could calculate the frequencies of the sound waves propagating through the universe during its first 760,000 years, when it was just 18 million light years across. At that time the sound waves were too low in frequency to be audible. To hear them, Cramer had to scale the frequencies 100,000 billion billion times.
Nevertheless, the loudness and pitch of the sound waves reflect what happened in the early universe. During the 100-second recording ( the frequencies fall because the sound waves get stretched as the universe expands. "It becomes more of a bass instrument," says Cramer.
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Author: Marcus Chown

4. What is the Big Bang Theory?
The universe started as a single point.
That point was extremely dense.
It became unstable and exploded outward.
Today the universe continues to expand.

5. The Doppler Effect

6. Evidence for the Big Bang
light from distance
galaxies all shift toward red

7. Shifts in the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Red Shift = away
Blue Shift = toward

8. Evidence for the Big Bang
Cosmic Background Radiation

9. galaxy solar system universe
Put these in order of size:
galaxy solar system universe
universe
galaxy
solar system
Largest
Smallest

10. Stars Astronomy Notes Page 5 ©Mark Place, 2009-2010

11. What are the main classifications of stars? Blue Supergiants
Red Giants
Main Sequence
White Dwarfs
Red Dwarfs
ESRTs p15

12. characteristics are used to
What two
characteristics are used to
classify stars?
Luminosity
Temperature
ESRTs p15

13. What type of star is our Sun classified as? Main Sequence
ESRTs p15
Main Sequence
Circle where it is on the chart

14. Shade the chart where all of the stars are hotter than our sun.
Draw a line on the chart which
separates those stars brighter
than our sun and those less bright.
ESRTs p15

15. What color are the stars in the constellation Orion? Red Blue
Betelgeuse is
Red
What color
are the
stars in the
constellation
Orion?
Rigel is
Blue
ESRTs p15

16. How do stars generate their energy?
Hydrogen
Helium
Hydrogen
Nuclear Fusion

17. Our
Solar
System
©Mark Place,

18. The total mass of all the asteroids is less than that of the Moon.
rocky objects with round or irregular shapes
lie in a belt between Mars and Jupiter
The total mass of all the asteroids
is less than that of the Moon.

19. only visible when
they are close to
the sun

20. shooting stars

21. The Planets

22. Draw a line across the table between
the terrestrial and jovian planets and label.

23. Which are more dense?
Jovian or terrestrial

24. Which have more moons ?
Jovian or terrestrial

25. Which have longer periods of revolution?
Jovian or terrestrial

26. Which are larger in size on average ?
Jovian or terrestrial

27. Which planet has the longest day?
Venus

28. Which planet has the longest year?
Neptune

29. How are the orbits of the planets described?
slightly, eccentric ellipse
eccentricity website

30. Which planet has the least
perfectly circular orbit?
Mercury

31. Which planet has the most
perfectly circular orbit?
Venus

32. Calculate the eccentricity
of the ellipse below:
length of major axis
Formula:
eccentricity = distance between foci
length of major axis

33. When does a planet move
slowest in its orbit?
When furthest
from Sun
When does a planet move
fastest in its orbit?
When closest
to Sun

34. Kepler's Second Law
Area A =
Area B
Area C
eccentricity website

35. Explain the difference between the geo- and helio-centric
models of the solar system.
Helio-centric
Geo-centric
Earth-
centered
Sun-
centered

36. Earth Motions Astronomy Page 8 ©Mark Place, 2009-2010

37. How long is one rotation of Earth?
Earth's Motions
How long is one rotation of Earth?
One day
How long is one revolution of Earth?
One year

38. Movement of Stars through the sky Rising and Setting Rotation
of the Sun
Rotation
Rising and Setting
of the Moon
Movement of Stars
through the sky
Revolution
Changing
Constellations
The Seasons

39. Earth's rate of rotation?
How do you calculate
Earth's rate of rotation?
One rotation = 360°
Time for one rotation = 24 hours
360° ÷ 24 = 15°/hr

40. How many degrees did the stars move
from diagram 1 to
diagram 2?
30° (2 hours x 15°)

41. It’s the only one that didn’t move
How can you find
Polaris?
It’s the only one that didn’t move

42. Because Polaris can only been seen in the North
What hemisphere
must you be in?
Why?
Northern
Because Polaris can only been seen in the North

43. What direction must
you be looking?
North

44. What direction do
the stars appear to
move?

45. What causes the
stars appear to move?

46. Evidence for Rotation
Foucault Pendulum
Coriolis Effect

47. Evidence for Revolution
Changing Constellations
Parallax

48. The Moon Astronomy Page 9 ©Mark Place, 2009-2010

49. Why is Earth not like this?
Why so many?
Craters
What are these?
No atmosphere
Why is Earth not like this?
weathering, erosion, atmosphere

50. Phases
of the
Moon
Astronomy
Page 10

51. What causes
the phases
of the moon?
The moon's
revolution
around Earth.

52. 27.3 days How long does one revolution of the moon take? How long does
one rotation of
the moon take?
ESRTs p15

53. What phenomenon
does this explain?
We only ever see one
side of the moon.

54. Why does the moon
rise later each day?
because as the Earth
rotates, the moon
revolves

55. What phase of the moon is this?
New
Gibbous
New
Crescent
3rd
Quarter

56. Approximate Times of Moonrise and Moonset
 moonrise   
moonset
new moon
06:00 AM
06:00 PM
waxing crescent
09:00 AM
09:00 PM
first quarter
12:00 PM
12:00 AM
waxing gibbous
03:00 PM
03:00 AM
full moon
waning gibbous
third quarter
waning crescent
How many hours is the
moon visible each day?
12 hours

57. What is "waxing"?
more of the moon's
surface can be seen

58. What is "waning"?
less of the moon's
surface can be seen

59. The phases of the
moon are what type
of event?
Cyclic

60. Going to the Moon

61. Great food but no atmosphere!
Restaurant on the Moon.
Great food but no atmosphere!

62. Tides & Eclipses Astronomy Page 12 ©Mark Place, 2009-20010

63. Tides

66. What causes
tides?

67. Caused by the
gravitational pull
of the moon & sun

68. which types of tides have a larger range?
Based on the diagram,
which types of tides have a larger range?
SPRING TIDES

69. During which phases of the moon
do neap and spring
tides occur?

70. 1st & 3rd Quarters
Neap?

71. New or Full Moon
Spring?

72. How many tides a day?
2 high tides
2 low tides

74. solar and lunar eclipses?
What’s the
difference between
solar and lunar eclipses?
Solar
Lunar
moon goes
into Earth’s
shadow
Earth goes
into moon’s
shadow

75. Solar Eclipse 2010

76. Solar Eclipses through 2020

78. Lunar Eclipse 2010

79. solar and lunar eclipses
Why don’t we have
solar and lunar eclipses
every month?
The moon’s orbit is
tilted 5° from the
Earth’s orbit.