1. Concepts of Bio-fertilizers

2. Concept of biofertilizer
INTRODUCTION
Biofertilizer technology is not a new concept.
It involves inoculation of beneficial microorganisms that help nutrient acquisition by plants through fixation of nitrogen, solubilization and mobilization of other nutrients.
Multifarious advantages of biofertilizers leads to its wide applicability in sustainable agriculture.

3. Concept of biofertilizer
Biofertilizer concept goes back as early as 300 BC when our ancestors realized the importance of legume crops bearing nodules.
Legume root nodules
The perspective of biofertilizer came into existence through discovery of many organisms capable of nitrogen fixation, P-solubilization, P. mobilization, potash solubilization and micronutrient transformation in the soil.
Rhizobium bacteria
inside nodule
The role of biofertilizers assumes special significance due to increased cost of chemical fertilizers and their ill effects on soil health

4. Concept of biofertilizer
Biofertilizers
The term biofertilizer refers to preparation containing live microbes which helps in enhancing the soil fertility either by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilization of phosphorus or decomposing organic wastes or by augmenting plant growth by producing growth hormones with their biological activities.
Rhizobium Bacteria
Bacteria in root surface
Bacteria in root surface
Legume inoculation

5. Concept of biofertilizer Advantages of Biofertilizers
Renewable source of nutrients
Sustain soil health
Supplement chemical fertilizers.
Replace 25-30% chemical fertilizers
Increase the grain yields by 10-40%.
Decompose plant residues, and stabilize C:N ratio of soil
Improve texture, structure and water holding capacity of soil
No adverse effect on plant growth and soil fertility.
Stimulates plant growth by secreting growth hormones.
Secrete fungistatic and antibiotic like substances
Solubilize and mobilize nutrients
Eco-friendly, non-pollutants and cost effective method

6. Concept of biofertilizer
BIOFERTILIZER ORGANISMS
RHIZOBIUM
AZOSPIRILLUM
VA-MYCORRHIZA
BLUE GREEN ALGAE
AZOTOBACTER
PSB

7. Concept of biofertilizer
LET US SUM UP
Application of biofertilizer is not a new concept.
Importance of legume crop bearing nodules has significant role for improving soil fertility.
Soil harbours many beneficial microorganisms that help in nitrogen fixation, phosphate and other nutrient transformation in the soil for better crop growth.

8. Concept of biofertilizer
LET US SUM UP
The term biofertilizer refers to preparation containing live microorganisms, which helps in enhancing the soil fertility either by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilization / mineralization of phosphorus and potassium or decomposing organic wastes or by producing plant growth substances.
The advantages of biofertilizers are many fold, sustain soil health, supplement chemical fertilizers, increase grain yield, secrete plant growth substances, solubilize and mobilize nutrients etc.

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10. Biocontrol
Biocontrol is the reduction of disease producing activity of a pathogen accomplished by/or through organisms.
Biocontrol uses natural or modified organisms, and genes or gene products of selected organisms to reduce the effects of undesirable pests affecting crops.
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11. Bio-control Agents Parasitic Insects
Certain insects act as parasites on eggs or larva, and kill the host insects.
Epiricania melanoleuca
                                                 
Trichogramma Wasp 
                                                
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12. Bio-control Agents Predatory Insects
Predatory insects hunt and feeds on its prey insects.
Assassin bug
                                                   
Robber fly
                                                
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13. Bio-control Agents Pathogens
Certain microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and virus, infect insect pests causing their death.
Larva killed by NP Virus
                                                 
Bacillus bacteria
                                                
Trichoderma fungus
                                                  
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14. Bio-pesticides fall into three major classes.
Bio-pesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from natural material such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals.
Many bio-pesticides are less toxic and pose a lower risk than conventional pesticides which can be quite toxic.
Bio-pesticides fall into three major classes.
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15. Bio-Pesticides
1. Microbial pesticides consist of a microorganism (e.g., a bacterium, fungus, virus or protozoan) as the active ingredient.
Microbial pesticides can control many different kinds of pests, although each separate active ingredient is relatively specific for its target pest[s].
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16. Bio-Pesticides
2. The most widely used microbial pesticides are subspecies and strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt. Some Bt's control moth larvae found on plants,
Each strain of this bacterium produces a different mix of proteins, and specifically kills one or a few related species of insect larvae.
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17. Bio-Pesticides
3. Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs) are pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic material that has been added to the plant.
For example, scientists can take the gene for the Bt pesticidal protein, and introduce the gene into the plant's own genetic material. Then the plant, instead of the Bt bacterium, manufactures the substance that destroys the pest
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18. Bio-Pesticides Advantages
Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms.
Conventional pesticides, by contrast, are generally synthetic material that directly kill or inactivate the pest.
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19. Bio-Pesticides Advantages
Biochemical pesticides include substances, such as insect sex pheromones, that interfere with mating, as well as various scented plant extracts that attract insect pests to traps.
Bio-pesticides are usually inherently less toxic than conventional pesticides.
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20. Bio-Pesticides Advantages
Bio-pesticides generally affect only the target pest and closely related organisms, in contrast to broad spectrum, conventional pesticides that may affect organisms as different as birds, insects, and mammals.
Bio-pesticides often are effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly, thereby resulting in lower exposures and largely avoiding the pollution problems caused by conventional pesticides.
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21. Bio-Pesticides Advantages
When used as a component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, bio-pesticides can greatly decrease the use of conventional pesticides, while crop yields remain high.
To use bio-pesticides effectively, however, users need to know a great deal about managing pests.
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22. Bio-Pesticides
Actinovate is a microbial pesticide registered for suppression of botrytis fruit rot and powdery mildew on banana in the field and greenhouse.
The active ingredient in Actinovate is spores of Streptomyces lydicus, a naturally occurring bacterium commonly found in soil.
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23. Bio-Pesticides
Researchers think that this bacterium helps protect plants by growing over the plant surface, parasitizing fungal pathogens producing antibiotics detrimental to the fungal diseases.
Before using this product in banana crop, consider whether suppression will be adequate in a commercial crop.
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24. Applications should begin when conditions favor disease development.
Bio-Pesticides
Actinovate is a microbial pesticide registered for suppression of botrytis fruit rot and powdery mildew on banana in the field and greenhouse.
Applications should begin when conditions favor disease development.
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25. Repeat Actinovate application in 7 to 14 days interval.
Bio-Pesticides
Repeat Actinovate application in 7 to 14 days interval.
Use spray mixture of Actinovate within 4 hours of its preparation.
Store Actinovate at room temperature (21-26°C), but should not be frozen or exposed to very high temperatures.
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26. Always leave an untreated plot to evaluate the efficacy of Actinovate.
Bio-Pesticides
Actinovate contains live bacteria and should not be used with bactericides.
Always leave an untreated plot to evaluate the efficacy of Actinovate.
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27. Bio-Pesticides
Serenade products (Serenade ASO, Serenade MAX) are registered for the suppression of a variety of diseases on fruit crops.
The active ingredient is Bacillus subtilis, which colonizes plant parts and helps prevent disease microorganisms from becoming established.
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28. Bio-Pesticides
Serenade products may not provide complete control and should be used as part of an integrated disease suppression program, which includes cultural controls and other tactics.
So, consider whether suppression will be adequate in a commercial crop before using these products.
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29. Bio-Pesticides
Serenade is most effective when applied during the early stages of disease development.
Rotate this product with other fungicides when conditions are conducive to heavy disease pressure.
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