1. Skeletal System
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2. The Skeletal System Three Functions Support Protection Movement
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3. The Skeletal System II Hydrostatic Skeleton
Consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
Cnidarians
Flatworms
Earthworms
Move by using muscles to change the shape of the fluid filled compartments
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4. Skeletal System III Exoskeletons
Hard encasement deposited on the surface of an animal
Mollusks
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Snails
Oysters
Slugs
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5. Skeletal System IV Endoskeltons
Consists of hard supporting elements, such as bones, buried within soft tissues of an animal.
Humans
Axial Skeleton
Skull
8 cranial bones
14 facial bones
Vertebral column (backbone)
Rib cage
7 pairs of true ribs
3 pirs of false ribs
2 pairs of floating ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
Limb bones
Pelvic girdles
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7. Muscular System
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9. Muscular System I Responsible for animal movement
Three types of muscle
Skeletal muscle
Attached to bones and causes movement of the body
Cardiac Muscle
Responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the heart
Smooth Muscle
Lines the walls of hollow organs
Lines the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract
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11. Muscle System II Skeletal Muscle Contraction of muscle tissue
Thin filaments
Contain globular protein actin arranged in a double helix
Thick filaments
Contain filamentous protein myosin
Both are parallel and arranged side by side
Contraction of muscle tissue
Sliding-filament model
Moves with the use of ATP
ATP can come creatine phosphate
Able to generate enough ATP to keep muscles contracted for about 15 seconds
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13. Nervous System
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14. Nervous System I Three Functions Central Nervous System
Sensory Input
Integration
Sensory Output
Central Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord (in vertebrates)
Carries out the body’s responses to stimuli
Peripheral Nervous System
Communication of one neuron to another
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15. Nervous System Basics Nerves I
Neurons
Basic functional units of the human nervous system
Three structures and functions
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Receives stimuli from environment
Transmits impulses from skin and other sensory organs towards the CNS
Ears; eyes; nose; tongue
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16. Nerves II Interneurons Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Interprets impulses brought by sensory neurons
Submits “commands” to the motor neurons
Leads back to effector organs
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors
Target cells that produce some kind of response
Muscles
Glands
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17. Nerves III Neurons Glia Cells Cell that transmits nerve impulses
Cell body
Dendrite
Axon
Glia Cells
Support and protect the neurons
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20. Central Nervous System I Brain
Cerebrum
Contains center for learned behavior
Center for thought, memory and reasoning
Cerebellum
Controls balance & muscular activities
Medulla
Controls involuntary functions
Heartbeat; breathing; blood pressure
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21. Central Nervous System II Spinal Cord
Reflex
Rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus
Most are spinal
They only travel through the spinal cord and not the brain
The Reflex Arc
Pathway traveled by nerve impulses during a reflex
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22. Peripheral Nervous System I
All nerves of all types that branch through the body from the CNS
Consist of all nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
Has two divisions
Somatic
Autonomic
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23. Peripheral Nervous System II Somatic
Consists of motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles
Control actions at voluntary skeletal muscles
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24. Peripheral Nervous System III Autonomic
Motor neurons that control the activities of
Organs
Glands
Various involuntary muscles
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Two parts
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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25. Autonomic Nervous System I Sympathetic
Prepare the body for action
Prepare body for situations requiring alertness or strength or situations that arouse fear anger, excitement or embarrassment (fight or flight)
Responses that serve to fight of or retreat from danger
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26. Autonomic Nervous System II Parasympathetic
Activates “calm” functions
Stimulates the processes of digestion, urination and defecation
Reduces blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates
Conserves energy through relaxation and rest
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29. Diseases Excretion Respiratory System Kidney Failure Gout Bronchitis
Physical trauma; chemical imbalance; high blood pressure
Gout
Respiratory System
Bronchitis
Asthma
Emphysema
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30. Homework Assignment
Distinguish the parts of the brain and their functions
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