1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology (Chapter 1)
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Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology (Chapter 1)
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2. Ancient Medical Practices
Science Practice 8: Constructing Explanations; HS-LS1-3 Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

3. The First Dissection
Anatomy emerged as a way to study the human body to try to prevent illness.
The first human body dissection was performed by a Greek physician named Herophilus in the 3rd century. 
They believed that existence was represented by the four basic elements—earth, air, fire, and water—which in humans were related to the four basic "humors": blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile. 
Each humor was centered in a particular organ—brain, lung, spleen, and gall bladder. They thought being ill meant having an imbalance of the four humors. Therefore treatment consisted of removing an amount of the excessive humor by various means such as bloodletting, purging, etc. 
We've obviously come a long way in knowledge of anatomy, physiology, & medical treatment since then. 

4. What is anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy – the structure of body parts (also called Morphology)
Physiology – the function of the body parts, what they do and how they do it
The structure determines the function. Examples:

5. Characteristics of Living Things (Requirements to be considered living) 
1. Movement - self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts
2. Responsiveness - Ability to sense changes and react to them
3. Growth - increase in body size
4. Reproduction - Parents produce offspring / passing DNA to new individuals
5. Respiration - Obtaining oxygen (O2), using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes

6. 6. Digestion - Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes
7. Absorption - Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids
8.  Circulation - Movement of substances throughout the body
9.  Assimilation - Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances (ex: food you eat to glucose in the blood) 
10.  Excretion - Removal of wastes

7. What environmental factors do living organisms require to stay alive?
1. Water- transports substances, regulates body temperature, required for metabolic reactions 
2. Food- energy 
3. Oxygen- used to release energy from food processes and drives metabolic processes
4. Heat- form of energy; required for chemical reactions in body to occur
5. Pressure- example: heart action produces blood pressure, which forces blood through blood vessels. No pressure=no blood flow

8. Metabolism = all the chemical changes that occur in the body to maintain life.
Ultimately all of these processes require ENERGY
How do we obtain energy?

9. Bodily needs = food, oxygen, water, heat, pressure
(How long can you live without these?)

10. Bodily Needs Humans can live without food for 30-40 days.
Without water for less than a week 
Without heat for a few minutes to a couple of hours depending on the temperature
Without oxygen for about 6 minutes

11. Homeostasis = tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced, internal environment. “Sameness”
Energy is required to keep the body in working order. Where does this energy come from?

12. How does a negative feedback loop maintain homeostasis?
Receptors – detect certain environmental parameters within the body such as temperature, information is relayed to the brain
                      
 Set point – the normal range that an environmental parameter is to be controlled
Effectors – muscle or glands that respond to deviation from the set point. Glands might initiate sweating to cool the body back to its set point.

13. How does a positive feedback loop maintain homeostasis?
1. As labor begins, nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain, which signals the pituitary gland in the brain to produce oxytocin. 
2. Oxytocin is carried from the bloodstream to the uterus and stimulates uterine contractions more and more until the baby's head is pushed through the cervix. 
Positive feedback loops amplify or increase the occurrence of events.

14. Serum Sodium Levels (urine) 135-145 mEq/L 95
Katie is a marathon runner who passed out during the race. When she arrived at the hospital, doctors immediately took data on her vitals.
Vital Signs
Normal
Kati
Respiration
12-20 bpm 11
Heart Rate
bpm 75
Pulse Oxygen
95-100%
98%
Serum Sodium Levels (urine)
mEq/L 95
Which vital sign provides a clue to Kati’s problem? What does this indicate?

15. When Kati arrived at the hospital and doctors began to collect information, they discovered that she weighed 3.5 lbs. more than she did when she checked into the race.  
The doctor suggests that Kati might have “hyponatremia.”
What do you think that is?

16. How does Kati’s story relate to HOMEOSTASIS?
Hyponatremia is the condition in which the sodium level in your blood is too low. This causes cells to swell and retain water. 
In cases of water intoxication, it is extreme hyponatremia that can ultimately cause coma and death. Why? (Think of the brain)
The doctor orders a drug that increases urination.    Kati is able to clear the extra water from her body and recovers.
How does Kati’s story relate to HOMEOSTASIS?
Which of the 10 life processes were compromised in Kati’s situation?

18. Axial Portion - head, neck, trunk Appendicular Portion - arms & legs
General Organization of the Body
Axial Portion - head, neck, trunk
Appendicular Portion - arms & legs
          (VISCERA = internal organs. "Visceral organs")

19. Body Cavities Dorsal = back side Ventral = front side
Thoracic = chest (heart, trachea, lungs..)
Abdomen = stomach area (spleen, intestines)
Pelvic = lower abdomen (bladder, reproductive organs)
DIAPHRAGM:  Separates the thoracic and pelvic region

22. It's easier to visualize the body cavities on pictures

23. Body Regions - each area of the body has a name, which is used to label structures nearby
Example: Brachial region = the upper arm
The brachial artery is found in the center of the arm
Label the body regions using the descriptions provided.
Student Handout:

24. How to Learn the Body Regions
Try to associate the words with something you already know.
Brachial
Cervical
Femoral
Orbital
Pedal
Pectoral
Cephalic
This is an OTOSCOPE

25. Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs)
MEMBRANES
Serous Membrane - two layers, covers organs
    Outer layer = parietal
Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs)
Serous fluid – lubricating fluid

26. A seroma is a pocket of clear serous fluid that sometimes develops in the body after surgery. This fluid has seeped out of ruptured small blood vessels and fluid produced by the injured and dying cells.

27. Other Membranes
Pleura = lungs
Pericardium = heart
Peritoneum = organs (abdominopelvic region)

28. Visceral Pleura= inside lungs
Parietal Pleura= outer covering/near wall/surface of lungs 
Visceral Pericardium
Parietal Pericardium
Visceral Peritoneum
Parietal Peritoneum
Visceral points toward the guts (towards your insides) Parietal points toward the outside
HEART
INTESTINES

29. 10. Reproductive 11. Respiratory
Organ Systems
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Digestive
7. Circulatory
8. Lymphatic
9. Urinary
10. Reproductive 11. Respiratory
Assignment: Organ Systems Concept Map

30. Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position = standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward
Why use anatomical position? Because it is a reference point to accurately describe body parts and position.
Superior / Inferior 
Medial / Lateral            
Proximal / Distal
Dorsal / Ventral
Anterior/ Posterior  
Sagittal | Transverse | Frontal (coronal)
Superficial / Deep

31. Let's practice using anatomical terminology!
1. The brain is _________ to the heart. 
2. The bellybutton is _________ to the hip. 
3. The tonsils are ____________ to the tongue. 
4. The spine is deep in the body, but the skin is ____________. 
5. The _____________ side is the front side. 

33. What kind of cut/plane of the body?

34. From the movie “Thirteen Ghosts” - What kind of cut is this?
A really sharp pane of glass fell on this unfortunate character.
From the movie “Thirteen Ghosts” What kind of cut is this?

35. Elements Found in the Body
Major Elements
Symbol
Approximate Percentage of the Human Body (by weight)
Oxygen
O  
65.0
Carbon
C  
18.5
Hydrogen
H  
9.5
Nitrogen
N  
3.2
Calcium Ca
1.5
Phosphorus
P    
1.0
Potassium
K  
0.4
Sulfur
S    
0.3
Chlorine
Cl 
0.2
Sodium Na
Magnesium Mg
0.1
Total 99.9%
Trace Elements
Chromium Cr
Cobalt Co
Copper Cu
Fluorine
F  
Together less than 0.1%
Iodine
I   
Iron Fe
Manganese Mn
Zinc
Zn 
TABLE 2.1Major Elements in the Body

36. Elements' Functions in the Body
Oxygen- for respiration, acts as an electron acceptor and oxidizing agent, found in all four of the major classes of organic molecules: protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. 
Carbon- bonds to itself to form chains and ring structures that serve as the basis for all metabolic reactions in the body. Carbon dioxide expelled as a waste product when you breathe
Hydrogen- usually found in the form of water in the body

37. Elements in the Body 
Nitrogen- component of amino acids (build peptides and proteins) and nucleic acids DNA and RNA 
Calcium- muscle contraction, protein regulation, healthy and strong bones/teeth 
Phosphorus- healthy bones and teeth. Found in nucleic acids and ATP
Potassium- regulates heartbeat and nerve conduction  

38. Elements in the Body 
Sulfur- in amino acids; build proteins in the body
Sodium- nerve transmission and muscle function; water/electrolyte regulation in body 
Chlorine-  used in biochemical reactions and digestion 
Magnesium- Binds to ATP (used for energy), also helps build strong bones 

39. Trace Elements Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Manganese
Zinc