1. Covalent Bonding

2. Covalent Bond
Atoms are held together by SHARING electrons

3. Terms
Molecule
Neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds
Compounds

4. Diatomic Molecule Also Known As: The Magnificent Seven
Molecule consisting two of the same atom
Never exist by themselves
Example: Oxygen (O2)
Also Known As:
The
Magnificent
Seven

5. Diatomic Molecules
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Flourine
Clorine
Bromine
Iiodine

7. Compounds Molecular Compound Ionic Compound
Compound composed of molecules
Collection of +ve and –ve charged ions repeating in a 3D pattern

8. Molecular Compound
Lower melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds
Composed of two or more non-metals

9. Practice Worksheet: Identifying Ionic versus Molecular Compounds

10. Writing Formulas for Molecular Compounds

11. Binary Molecular Compounds
Composed of two elements
Metal and non-metal

12. H2O Molecular Formula Chemical formula of a molecular compound
Example: Water
H2O

13. Molecular Formula
Represents the ACTUAL number of atoms in each molecule
(NOT the lowest ratio)
Example: Ethane C2H6

15. Naming Molecular Compounds

16. PreFixes Number Prefix 1 Mono- 2 Di- 3 Tri- 4 Tetra- 5 Penta- 6 Hexa-7
Hepta- 8
Octa- 9
Nona- 10
Deca-

17. Rules: The name of a molecular compound indicates:
# of atoms
type of elements
Prefix “mono” ONLY used on the second element
For example:
CO is carbon monoxide rather than carbon oxide.

18. Let’s Practice
SO2
SF6
CCl4
NI3

19. More Practice…
CF4
SiO2
SO3
P4S3

20. Practice Worksheet
Naming Ionic and Covalent Bonds

21. The Nature of Covalent Bonding
Grab a WHITEBOARD, MARKER AND TOWEL

22. The Nature of Covalent Bonding
Electrons are shared so that each atom:
gets eight electrons Or
attains the noble gas configuration)

23. Hint
The atom with the LEAST amount of valence electrons normally is in the middle…
Exception:
Hydrogen is ALWAYS on the outside
Example: HOCl

24. Hint
Sometimes the molecular formula tells you the arrangement of atoms
Example: CH3COOH

25. Single Covalent Bond
Two atoms held together by sharing ONE PAIR of electrons
Pair of shared e- can be represented by a dash
Structural formula
Example:
Hydrogen Molecule (H2)
Water (H2O)

26. Unshared Pair Not shared between atoms Also known as:
Lone Pair
Non-Bonding
Example: A fluorine molecule (F2)

27. Practice
H2O2
PCl3

28. Practice
Bromine
Chlorine
Iodine

29. Other Covalent Bonds Double Covalent Bond Triple Covalent Bond
Atoms share two pairs of electrons
Atoms share three pairs of electrons

30. Double and Triple Bonds

31. Double and Triple Bonds
C2H6O
NH3

32. Try These… CO
CF4

33. Coordinate Covalent Bonds

34. Coordinate Covalent Bond
A covalent bond in which one atom contributes BOTH bonding electrons
Example:
CO2

35. Coordinate Covalent Bonding
SO3
ClO3

36. Try this one…
NH4

37. Drawing Polyatomic Ions
REVIEW:
A tightly bound group of covalently bonded atoms that have a positive or negative charge and behave as a unit
Example: [SO3]2-

38. Polyatomic ions Contain both covalent and coordinate covalent bonds
Electronegativity:
The ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound
More electronegative elements will GAIN electrons
Less electronegative elements will LOSE electrons
[OH]-

39. Practice
[BF4]-
[SO4]2-
[CO3]2-

40. Practice Problems
[BF4]-

41. Practice Problems
[SO4]2-

42. Practice Problems
[CO3]2-

43. Bonding Videos…
Ionic vs. Covalent Bonding