1. Classification: Exploring and Organizing Life’s Diversity

2. History of Classification
Aristotle ( B.C.) developed the “first” system
Based on how an organism looks
Plants and animals
Plants were divided into herbs, shrubs and trees
Animals were divided based on physical characteristics
System was flawed
Bats were considered birds because they had wings
Whales were considered fish because they had fins
Fungi were considered plants
Bacteria and other microorganisms were not included
Didn’t know they existed

3. Carolus Linnaeus Born Carl von Linné (1707-1778)
Developed a system based on physical similarities
Called taxonomy
Developed a system for naming organisms that is still used today
Called binomial nomenclature
2-word naming system using Latin words
The first word is the genus (closely related species)
The second word is the specific epithet.

4. Rules for Scientific Names
1st word is capitalized
2nd word is lowercase
Both words are italicized (if typed) or underlined (if hand-written)
Examples:
Homo sapiens
Canis familiaris
Pinus virginiana
Yersinia pestis

5. What is wrong with these names?
Homo Sapiens
homo sapiens
Homo sapiens

6. Advantages of Binomial Nomenclature
It is universal
The same scientific names are used everywhere on Earth
The scientific name tells you about the organism
Where it is found, what it does, who discovered it, or identifying characteristics
It shows relationships
Organisms of the same genus will have the same first word

7. Taxonomy Science of naming and classifying organisms 8 Levels
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Did King Philip Come Over For Great Spaghetti?
Domain is the least specific (most different organisms grouped)
Species is the most specific (only one type of organism)

9. For Us (Guaranteed Test Question )
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primata
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
Everyone alive can make perfectly healthy, hearty soup

10. Domains and Kingdoms There are 3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms of life
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdoms in each domain
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacteria
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Archaea
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdoms: Protista. Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

11. Characteristics of Living Things
In order to be alive, something needs to do all of the following:
Be made up of one or more cells, containing DNA
Obtain and use energy
Grow and develop
Growth=get bigger
Develop=changes throughout life
Reproduce
Respond to the environment
If something lacks even one of these things, it is not living

12. Viruses Viruses are NOT living things
They lack most of the characteristics of living things
They do not grow and develop
They can only reproduce using other organism’s cells
They can not obtain or use energy
They are not made of cells
They do, however, affect living things greatly
Can be pathogenic
Cause disease (cold and flu)
VIRAL DISEASES CANNOT BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS

13. Prions Prions are infectious proteins (Also not living things)
Found in air, and cause host’s proteins to fold improperly
Causes diseases such as Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (human form)
Causes misshapen proteins in the brain
Brain develops holes and resembles a sponge
Prion diseases are nearly always fatal, as the body has no way to fight them

14. Types of cells There are 2 cell types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Lack a nucleus and other organelles
Only organelles they have are ribosomes
Both Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea
Eukaryotic
Have a nucleus and organelles
Only Domain=Eukarya

15. Cladistics More recent attempt to group Earth’s biodiversity
Groups organisms based on Evolutionary relationships
Separates organisms based on derived characteristics
Much more accurate and insightful
Shows real relationships, not perceived ones
Recently, based more upon DNA than characteristics

16. Cladogram

17. Dichotomous Keys A tool used to identify an organism
Consists of a series of dichotomous statements (2 differing statements)