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Disturbances to homeostasis and the body’s responses
Mechanisms of Disease Disturbances to homeostasis and the body’s responses
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Disease Mechanisms Genetic mutations
Pathogenic organisms and particles parasites Tumors and cancer Physical and chemical agents Malnutrition Autoimmunity Inflammation Degeneration
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Risk Factors Genetic factors Age Lifestyle Stress
Environmental factors Preexisting conditions Many risk factors overlap and can be avoided.
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Pathogenic particles Viruses – small,nonliving particle,
capsid and nucleic acid can not reproduce on own Symptoms can be slow to appear Ex. SARS, West Nile, HIV (table 5-1) Prion – pathogenic protein molecule, convert normal proteins to abnormal ex. Mad cow
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Bacteria- Pathogenic organism
Prokaryotic Produce disease by: secreting toxins parasitic in human cells form colonies to disrupt normal function Classified by Function: aerobic/anaerobic Staining properties: gram -, gram + Size and shape – coccus, spirilla, bacillus Table 5-2 for examples Spores – formed under adverse conditions
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Fungus Fungus Heterotrophic, parasitic Molds, mildew
Often resists treatment Ex. Athelete’s foot, yeast infections (table 5-3)
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Protozoa Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms Larger than bacteria
Major groups (classified by locomotion) Amoebas Flagellates Ciliates Sporozoa (usually 2 hosts and 2 life cycles) Table 5-4 for examples
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Pathogenic Animals - metazoa
Large, multicellular Major groups Nematodes – roundworms, human tissue Platyhelminths – flatworms and flukes Arthropods – mites, ticks, lice and fleas, wasps, mosquitoes, spiders Table 5-5 for examples
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