1. Functional Groups
Unit 2

2. Hydrocarbons There are four basic types of hydrocarbons: Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatic hydrocarbons

3. Functional Groups
The term functional group is used to refer to parts of organic molecules where reactions tend to occur.

4. Functional Groups
Functional group: an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties
Functional groups are important for three reason; they are
1. the units by which we divide organic compounds into classes
2. the sites of characteristic chemical reactions
3. the basis for naming organic compounds

5. Alcohols contain an -OH (hydroxyl) group
Ethanol may also be written as a condensed structural formula

6. Alcohols
alcohols are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the -OH group

7. Alcohols
there are two alcohols with molecular formula C3H8O

8. Thiols
A thiol is an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl (–C–SH or R–SH) group
The functional group of a thiol is an SH (sulfhydryl) group
The –SH functional group itself is referred to as either a thiol group or a sulfhydryl group

9. Ethers & Epoxides
The functional group of an ether is an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms
Ethers tend to be quite unreactive.Therefore, they are good polar solvents.
Epoxide: a cyclic ether in which oxygen is one atom of a three-membered ring

10. Amines
contain an amino group; an sp3-hybridized nitrogen bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms
an amine may by 1°, 2°, or 3° C H 3 N
Methylamine
(a 1° amine)
Dimethylamine
(a 2° amine)
Trimethylamine
(a 3° amine) :

11. Carbonyl Compounds The carbonyl group is a carbon-oxygen double bond.
Carbonyl compounds include many classes of compounds.

12. Aldehydes and Ketones
contain a carbonyl (C=O) group

13. Carboxylic Acids
contain a carboxyl (-COOH) group

14. Carboxylic Esters
Ester: a derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the carboxyl hydrogen is replaced by a carbon group

15. Carboxylic Amide
Carboxylic amide, commonly referred to as an amide: a derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the -OH of the -COOH group is replaced by an amine
the six atoms of the amide functional group lie in a plane with bond angles of approximately 120°