1. The Emergence of Cities and States
Chapter 1.3

2. A. Introduction: Farming generated more complex societies
As settlements grew, people began to see themselves as part of communities larger than the family, clan, or tribe
With increasing surpluses and populations, villages grew into the first cities
Cities established foundation for the rise of states, trade networks, and writing

3. B. The Rise of New Technologies
Development of metallurgy for farming tools and weaponry helped shape the increasingly complex societies
Soft, easy to work copper was first metal used for tools and weapons
West Asian metal craftsman created bronze
Bronze and iron made better tools but also more deadly weapons

4. C. Urbanization and the First Cities
Settled life, grain, and cow’s milk shortened human birth intervals, increasing populations
Catal Huyuk grew into prosperous towns, centers of long-distance trade, and then cities- Central Turkey, mud-bricked buildings, plastered walls, bakery, brewery,
Greater wealth and size allowed cities to control adjacent farmlands that provided surplus needed to sustain city dwellers
As farming became more efficient, urbanization became the next great transition in human social organization-fostered networks of communication and trade

5. D. The Rise of States, Economies, and Record-Keeping
The need to control surplus-producing farmlands and to govern urban populations created the first governments
Diverse urban societies generated enough wealth to permit substantial division of labor and social, cultural, and religious hierarchies-cities became extensive trade networks
Increased trade created the need for record-keeping, which led to the development of writing-literacy usually reserved for the privileged
Civilization- once used to describe urban-based societies
Subjectivity of term limits its value in understanding WH
Misuse and abuse of term

6. E. The Rise of Pastoral Nomadism
PN is an economy based on breeding, rearing, and harvesting livestock
Trade and conflict between farmers and herders became common, and some PN exercised strong influence on societies with much greater populations
Mostly in grasslands and deserts- lived in small dispersed groups generally organized by tribes; had view possessions
Some pastoral societies maintained egalitarian social structures-women warriors, others headed by chiefs
Indo-European- various tribes who all spoke related languages deriving from original common tongue and who eventually settled Europe, Iran, and Northern India-spread their language and culture, imposed military power-profound changes across Eurasia