1. Protein Synthesis in Detail

2. The “Central Dogma” of Molecular Genetics
DNA  RNA  Protein

3. What is a Gene?
…a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for a protein

4. Transcription
The process of converting the permanent instruction of DNA into the temporary instruction in messenger RNA
Takes place in nucleus

5. Steps of Transcription
DNA unwinds in gene region
RNA polymerase pairs up RNA bases with one strand of the exposed DNA bases and copies the gene
DNA mRNA
Adenine = Uracil
Cytosine = Guanine
Guanine = Cytosine
Thymine = Adenine

6. Transcription

7. RNA Splicing
In eukaryotes, the RNA transcript is edited before it leaves the nucleus.
Introns are removed and exons are spliced together.

8. Translation
The process of converting the temporary instruction of messenger RNA into a chain of amino acids (polypeptide)
Takes place on a ribosome

9. The Genetic Code

11. Steps of Translation
Initiation: the mRNA codon bonds to the anticodon of a transfer RNA (tRNA) that carries methionine

12. Elongation: the mRNA moves through the ribosome, and new amino acids bond to the previous amino acid creating a polypeptide (protein)

13. Termination: the ribosome arrives at a "stop" codon and the completed polypeptide is released.