1. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
straight chain
branched chain
ring

2. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.

3. Carbohydrates Storage of chemical energy
Monosaccharides: triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose,
heptoses, etc.
Oligosaccharides: small sugar chains covalently
attached to lipids and proteins to
to form glycolipids and glycoproteins
Polysaccharides: glycogen, starch, cellulose, etc.

4. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Triglyceride

5. Lipids have several different functions.
broken down as a source of energy
make up cell membranes
used to make hormones

6. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids

7. Proteins Proteins are molecular tools and machines, which carry out
virtually all of a cell’s activities. Proteins exhibit a high
degree of specificity, which allows proteins to interact
selectively with other molecules.
Enzymes
Structural cables
Hormones, growth factors, gene activators
Membrane receptors and transporters
Contractile filaments and molecular motors
Many others: antibodies, toxins, etc.

8. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

9. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

10. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

11. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

12. Nucleic Acid Nucleic acids are long linear polymers of nucleotides.
They function primarily in the storage and transmission
of genetic information, but they may also have
structural or catalytic roles.
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic materials
RNA: ribonucleic acid
message RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA functions in transmission of genetic
information from DNA to protein, but it may
also carry genetic information such as in viruses.