1. Chapter 7: More Thought Patterns

2. Journal Topic What are transitions? What are thought patterns?
What are examples of thought patterns?

3. Transitions Words and phrases that signal thought patterns
They show the logical relationship within and between sentences

4. Thought Patterns
Thought patterns are created by using transitions to show the relationship between ideas in a paragraph, passage, or textbook chapter.
Some common patterns are:
Time Order Pattern
Space Order Pattern
Listing Pattern
Classification Pattern

5. More Thought Patterns Other common patterns are:
Comparison-and-Contrast
Cause-and-Effect
Generalization-and-Example

6. Comparison-and-Contrast
Comparison points out the ways in which two or more ideas are alike.
“Writing, like farming, follows a planting, growing, and reaping cycle.”
Contrast points out the ways in which two or more ideas are different.
“Women differ from men in their styles of communication.”

7. Words & Phrases of Comparison (p. 297)
Alike As
As well as
Equally
In like manner
In a similar fashion
In a similar manner
In the same way
Just as
Just like
Like
Likewise
Resemble
Same
Similar
Similarly

8. Words and Phrases of Contrast (p. 300)
Although
On the one hand
Conversely
To the contrary
Nevertheless
Differently
At the same time
In contrast
Different
Still
On the contrary
Even though
Instead
As opposed to
On the other hand
Difference
Despite
Yet
But
In spite of
Different from

9. Combined Comparison-and-Contrast
TASK: Read the following paragraph and write down any transitions that you notice. “Although yoga and Pilates share similar characteristics, an important difference exists. Both yoga and Pilates are low-impact forms of exercise that improve posture, flexibility, and contraction. However, the primary goal of Pilates is to strengthen the midsection and buttocks. On the other hand, yoga does not focus on any one part of the body. Rather yoga works the opposing muscles of the entire body.”

10. Comparison-and-Contrast
“Although yoga and Pilates share similar characteristics, an important difference exists. Both yoga and Pilates are low-impact forms of exercise that improve posture, flexibility, and contraction. However, the primary goal of Pilates is to strengthen the midsection and buttocks. On the other hand, yoga does not focus on any one part of the body. Rather yoga works the opposing muscles of the entire body.”

11. Let’s Apply ER p. 299; Prac. 2 – Comparison
ER p. 302; Prac. 4 – Contrast
ER p. 305; Prac. 5 and 6 – Comparison and Contrast
(DON’T FORGET TO ANNOTATE!!!)

12. Cause-and-Effect A cause states why something happens.
An effect states a result or outcome.
“Because Selena memorized the algebra formulas and practiced using them, she did well on the test.”
“Due to the amount of snow on the streets and highways, schools and businesses have shut down.”

13. Cause-and-Effect Words p. 306
Because
Consequently
Accordingly
Because of
Leads to
Results in
As a result
Due to
If-then
Since So
Therefore
Thus

14. Cause and Effect Patterns

15. Let’s Apply
ER p. 307; Prac. 7
ER p. 311; Prac. 8 (annotate)

16. Generalization-and-Example Pattern
In this pattern, the author makes a general statement and then offers an example or a series of examples to clarify the generalization.
“As technology evolves, it saves time; for example, broadband Internet access cuts down on the time needed to access information on the World Wide Web.”

17. Words that Introduce Examples p. 313
an illustration
for example
for instance
including
once
such as
to illustrate
typically

18. Let’s Apply
ER p. 313; Prac. 10

19. Definition Pattern in Textbooks
textbooks are full of new terms
authors will often define new words and special terms and then give example

20. Definition Pattern Definition signal words: Example signal words:Is
Are
Means
“Emblems are body gestures that directly translate into words or phrases.”
Example signal words:
For example
Such as
“For example, a person may give up a high-paying job in the city to take a lower- paying job in a small town.”

21. Let’s Apply
ER p. 318; Prac. 12
ER p. 321; Prac. 14 – all thought patterns

22. Which pattern is it?
“When stock prices fully reflect information that is available to investors, the stock market is efficient; in contrast, when the stock prices do not reflect all information, the stock market is inefficient.”
__cause-and-effect
__comparison-and-contrast
__definition-and-example

23. Which pattern is it?
“When stock prices fully reflect information that is available to investors, the stock market is efficient; in contrast, when the stock prices do not reflect all information, the stock market is inefficient.”
__cause-and-effect
X comparison-and-contrast
__definition-and-example

24. Quiz Time - Chapter Review
ER p. 321 – 322

25. Chapter Review
Comparison points out the ways two or more ideas are alike.
Contrast points out the ways two or more ideas are different.
The words like, similarly, and likewise show the comparison pattern.
A cause states why something happens.
An effect states a result or outcome.
An author will often begin with a cause and then give the effects.
The phrases as a result, leads to, and therefore show the cause- and-effect pattern.
Example words signal that a writer is giving an instance of a general idea to clarify a point.
A definition explains the meaning of a new, difficult or special term.
Examples follow a definition to show how the word is used or applied.

26. Practice ER p. 325 – 326; Review Test 1 A, B