1. Inside the shell of the amniotic egg are several extraembryonic membranes that function in gas exchange, waste storage, and the transfer of stored nutrients to the embryo.
These develop from tissues layers that grow out from the embryo.
Fig
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Reptile Adaptations for Terrestrial Life
Amniotic egg (leathery).
Scales containing the protein keratin
waterproof the skin.
Reptiles obtain all their oxygen with
lungs; no cutaneous respiration unlike amphibians.

4. Extensive diversification in Cenozoic.
Evolution of Mammals
Dinosaurs became extinct at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T)boundary ~ 65 mya (end of Mesozoic).
Mammalian evolution began over 220 mya from reptilian stock – the therapsids.
Remained small, and “out of the lime light” until dinosaurs became extinct.
Extensive diversification in Cenozoic.
Extant mammals - ~ 4,500 species.

5. The Evolution of Primates

6. Early Cenozoic Primates
The earliest primates date to the first part of the Cenozoic (65-54 m.y.a.).
The Eocene (54-38 m.y.a.) was the epoch of prosimians with at least 60 different genera in two families.
The omomyid family lived in North America, Europe, and Asia and may be ancestral to all anthropoids.
The adapid family was ancestral to the lemur-loris line.

7. Omomyid
An artist’s reconstruction of Shoshonius, a member of the Eocene omomyid family.

8. Aegyptopithecus
- lived about 33 MYA (million years ago) in Egypt
- sometimes called the “Dawn Ape”
- arboreal, probably ate fruit
-  link between earlier primates and apes

9. Dryopithecus
Dryopithecus lived in Europe during the middle and late Miocene.
This group probably includes the common ancestor of the lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs) and the great apes.
Dryopithecus has the Y-5 arrangement of molar cusps typical of Dryopithecus and of hominoids.

10. Primate Classification
Primates are divided into two main Suborders:
1. Prosimians:
Lemurs, Lorises,Tarsiers
2. Anthropoids:
NW & OW Monkeys, Apes, Humans

11. Prosimians a. Fat-tailed galago (mainland Africa)
b. Ruffed lemur (Madagascar)
c. Sifaka (Madagascar)
d. Ring-tailed lemur (Madagascar)
e. Mouse lemur (Madagascar)
f. Slow loris (South Asia)
g. Aye-aye (Islands off Madagascar)

12. Anthropoids a. Spider monkey (NW monkey) b. Saki monkey (NW monkey)
c. Drill (OW terrestrial monkey)
d. Tamarin (NW marmoset)
e. Colobus (OW arboreal monkey)
f. Gibbon (OW lesser ape)
g. Gorilla (OW great ape)

13. Lemurs, Tarsiers, Aye-Ayes, Lori

14. Lemurs

15. Tarsier

17. Aye-Aye
The aye-aye shown here lives on the island of Madagascar. It is a very specialized insect-eater.
Large eyes & good climbing abilities. The aye-aye, and most other prosimians, differ from monkeys and apes in having a moist area of skin on the nose.

18. Lori

19. Platyrrhine Monkeys Platyrrhines Flat noses Nostrils point sideways
Many have prehensile tails
Live in South and Central America

20. Platyrrhine Monkeys: Tamarins

21. Platyrrhine Monkeys: Capuchin Monkey

22. Prehensile Tail

23. Catarrhine Monkeys Downward-pointing nostrils
Evolved and found in Africa and Asia

24. Catarrhines Divided into two Superfamilies: Old World Monkeys
Hominoids
Lack tails, have larger skulls, & walk partially upright
Include Gibbons, Gorillas, Orangutans, Humans, & Chimpanzees

25. Catarrhine Monkeys: Mandrill and Diana

26. Terrestrial Old World Monkeys: Baboon

27. Lesser Ape: Gibbon

28. Great Ape: Orangutan

29. Great Ape: Gorilla

30. Great Ape: Chimpanzee

31. Locomotion forms Brachiation Bipedalism Knuckle walking
Laetoli, Tanzania, c million years ago

32. Primate Characteristics: Summary
Large brains
3-D vision, Reduced Sense of Smell
Flexible shoulder joints, Vertical Positioning of Trunk
Hands and feet with five digits
Grasping thumb

33. Primate Characteristics: Summary (cont.)
Flat fingernails instead of claws
Generalized dentition
Extended Gestation and Maturation
Strong Maternal-Offspring Bond
High Degree of Socialization