1. “Where I lived and what I lived for”
Schemes and Tropes
“Where I lived and what I lived for”

2. Apposition
Placing side by side two coordinating elements, the second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first. Less intrusive than parenthesis, it allows for the insertion of additional information or emphasis.
“All that I could say, then, with respect to farming on a large scale-I have always cultivated a garden- was that I had had my seeds ready.”
“To speak critically, I never received more than one or two letters in my life-I wrote this some years ago- That were worth the postage.”

3. Parallelism
Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. Emphasized similarities and connections.
“A lake like this is never smoother than at such a time; and the clear portion of the air above it being, shallow and darkened by clouds, the water, full of light and reflections, becomes a lower heaven itself so much the more important.”
 "Let us rise early and fast, or breakfast, gently and without perturbation; let company come and let company go, let the bells ring and children cry."

4. Polysyndeton
The Opposite of asyndeton (the omission of conjunctions); the deliberate use of many conjunctions. Suggests flow or continuity in some instances, special emphasis in others.
“In the midst of this chopping sea of civilized life, such are the clouds and storms and quicksands and thousand-and-one items to be allowed for…”

5. Paradox
An apparently contradictory statement that nevertheless contains a measure of truth. Paradox is like an oxymoron in that both are built on contradictories, but paradox may not be a trope at all, because it involves not so much of a turn of meaning in juxtaposed words as a turn of meaning in the whole statement.
“And if railroads are not built, how shall we get to heaven in season? But if we stay at home and mind our business, who will want railroads? We do not ride upon the railroad; it rides upon us. Did you ever think what those sleepers are that underlie the railroad? Each one is a man, an Irishman, or a yankee man. The rails are laid on them, and they are covered with sand, and the cars run smoothly over them. They are sound sleepers, I assure you. And every few years a new lot is laid down and run over; so that, if some have the pleasure of riding on the rail, others have the misfortune to be ridden upon. And when they run over a man that is walking in his sleep, a supernumerary sleeper in the wrong position, and wake him up, they suddenly stop the cars, and make a hue and cry about it, as if this were an exception. I am glad to know that it takes a gang of men for every five miles to keep the sleepers down and level in their beds as it is, for this is a sign that they may sometime get up again.”

6. Week 2- Schemes and Tropes of the Week

7. Antithesis
Antithesis- the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure. Emphasizes Dissimilarities and contraries. It produces the qualities of an anaphora
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, …”

8. Asyndenton
Deliberate omission of conjunctions between a series of related ideas. Produces a hurried rhythm is the sentence.
 “Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure?” (Julius Caesar)

9. synechdoche A figure of speech in which a part stands for the whole
“The western wave was all a-flame. The day was well was nigh done! Almost upon the western wave Rested the broad bright Sun”
(Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner)
“His eye met hers as she sat there paler and whiter than anyone in the vast ocean of anxious faces about her.” (The Lady or the tiger?)

10. Week 3: Schemes and Tropes of the week

11. Epistrophe
Repetition of the same word or group of words at the end of successive clauses. Sets up a pronounced rhythm and secures a special emphasis.
BRUTUS: “Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I offended….”
-Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare

12. epanalepsis
Repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause. Gives language an appearance of emotional spontaneity.
“Romans, countrymen, and lovers, hear me for my cause, and be silent, that you may hear. Believe me for mine honour, and have respect to mine honour, that you may believe.”
- Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare
“The time must come. It’s enough—enough to go to cemeteries, enough to weep for orphans—it’s enough. There must come a moment, a moment of bringing people together.”
— Elie Wiesel, Speech at Buchenwald Concentration Camp, 4 June 2009

13. Metonymy
Substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is actually meant.
What’s the difference between synecdoche and metonymy?
Synecdoche examples are often misidentified as metonymy (another literary device). Synecdoche refers to the whole of a thing by the name of any one of its parts. For example, calling a car “wheels” is a synecdoche because a part of a car “wheels” stands for the whole car. However, in metonymy, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not necessarily a part of it. For example, “crown” that refers to power or authority is a metonymy used to replace the word “king” or “queen”.

14. The big house—Refers to prison
The pen—Can refer to prison or to the act of writing
Stuffed shirts—People in positions of authority, especially in a business setting
The crown—a royal person
“The party preserved a dignified homogeneity, and assumed to itself the function of representing the staid nobility of the countryside—East Egg condescending to West Egg, and carefully on guard against its spectroscopic gayety.”
-The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

15. Litotes
Deliberate use of understatement, not to deceive someone, but to enhance the impressiveness of what is stated.
“Indeed, it is not uncommon for slaves even to fall out and quarrel among themselves about the relative goodness of their masters, each contending for the superior goodness of his own over that of the others.”
-Narrative of the life of Frederick douglas

16. Week 4

17. Antimetabole
Repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order.
“Ask not what your country can do for you- Ask what you can do for your country.”
-John F. Kennedy
“One should eat to live- not live to Eat.”

18. Zeugma
Like syllepsis, except that whereas in syllepsis the single word is grammatically and idiomatically compatible with of the other words it governs, in a zeugma the single word does not fit grammatically or idiomatically
Now the Trumpet summons us again- not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need- not as a call to battle, though embattled we are- but a call to bear the burden.
He lost his briefcase, then his job, then his mind.

19. Hortative Sentences
A sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.
Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.

20. Periodic Sentences
Sentences whose main clause is withheld until the end.
To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge to support.