1. PIA 2574: African Development
THE AFRICAN CRISIS AND ITS END-AND THE FUTURE OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL STATE
PIA 2574:
African Development

2. Author of the Week- Robert Bates: The Structural Adjustment Argument
Markets and States in Tropical Africa
Important influence on rational choice theory
THESIS-
Need to consider markets and how they can be distorted by state decisions in terms of producers and prices, consumer goods and factors of production

3. SAPS- Structural Adjustment Programs or the Washington Consensus.
Robert H. Bates is Eaton Professor of the Science of Government in the Departments of Government and African and African American Studies, Harvard University
Born: c. 1942
A Major Influence
on Public Policy
Reforms
SAPS- Structural Adjustment Programs or the Washington Consensus.

4. The Economy and the State Public Sector Reform and SARs

5. Robert Bates Government policy subsidizes urban dwellers
Agricultural production used (or misused) to fund urban capital accumulation and/or capital flight
The state, in effect taxes farmers for state sponsored “crony capitalism” and excessive access “rents”

6. Nigerian Cartoon, 2007

7. Robert Bates The result is the depression of prices for cash crops
The key to understanding the economic system in Africa is in historical patterns of prices- depression that goes back to the colonial period.
Monsopsonies- use of state agencies (often called marketing boards) to control marketing and sales of agricultural products.

8. Colonial Marketing Boards

9. Robert Bates
The state distorts agricultural marketing structures to divert gains to be had from commercial agriculture to other interest groups (the organizational bourgeoisie) employed in the state and in state controlled industries.
Result: the “Exit Option” for rural dwellers
Result- Structural Adjustment

11. Structural Adjustment: The Response to Bates
The problem of debt
Stabilization vs. Conditionality
Public Sector Reform- Policy Reform
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC)

14. Debt as a problem- Issues:
The concepts of market and productivity
International systemic hegemony
International competition within markets
Complementarities and non-flexible prices

15. Policy Reduction and Growth Facility/ Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRGF)

16. Technical Assistance Bias to international trade
Back to the future- get the LDC economy back to the 1950s
Dependent development- is it dependent and is it development

17. An African Viewpoint of Poverty Assistance

18. The Current State of Financial Management
IMF Stabilization- key: currency reform, auctions and trade liberalization
World Bank and UNDP "Management"- Opposing views to SAPs
Absence of recurrent budgets
Military Alliances with AFRICOM and other International Forces.

19. Currency Auctions Food prices meet market conditions
Stabilization
Currency Auctions
Food prices meet market conditions
Trade Liberalization
Currency deregulation-auction
Bridging Loans

20. The Current State of Financial Management
Activity (economy) driven by technical assistance projects - the only game in town
Loans and grants- major source of international involvement
Conditionality-

21. Structural Adjustment Loans and Grants
a. Bridging Loans
b. Sectoral Loans and Grants
c. Project Grants
d. International Requirements
vs. domestic political response
e. World Bank Social and Urban
Funds (Guinea Conakry, Ethiopia,
Eritria and Palestine - Picard)

22. The International Regime
IMF vs. World Bank vs. Bilateral Donors vs. UNDP
Terms:
a. Neo-Orthodoxy
b. heterodoxy
c. Stabilization and the IMF
d. Conditionality- World Bank
e. The Use of social funds

24. Conditionality: The Big Three
a. privatization
b. Civil Service reform
c. Reduction in the size of government

25. South African Cartoon Attacking PSRs

26. Privatization of the economy
a. divestiture
b. contracting out
c. liquidation
d. sell off public private partnership shares

27. "Privatization fights laziness, privatization fights poverty, privatization fights smuggling, and privatization fights unemployment.“ Kigali, Rwanda

28. Problem: Privatization of the bureaucracy
a. Individuals IN GOVERNMENT work with investments and the service/commercial sector: Crony Capitalism
b. Departments sell their services- eg. statistics in Zaire/DRC
c. Sub-economic salaries- offices
and telephones- buying soap and
selling chickens and eggs

29. Solution: Privatization of the bureaucracy
d. International conditions for "good" bureaucrats, eg. World Bank in Uganda- special salaries for those on contract with the project
e. Overall Goal: Return to the recurrent budgeting process of the 1950s. End debt and deficits
f. End Corruption and Crony Capitalism

30. IGEMBE KENYA

31. Privatization: The Issue of Settlers vs. Citizens
Privatization: The Issue of Settlers vs. Citizens. The Debate About Pariah Groups
Globalism and RACE?
Is this the Crux of the Problem?
Europe in Africa: nature of the relationship (Images)
Is this an Emotional Issue?

32. The Economy and the State
The Original Formula. From the Chairman of the South African Communist Party and head of Umkhonto we sizwe (Spear of the nation)
Joe Slovo: MK and the SACP

33. Second Book of The Week Gillian Slovo, Every Secret Thing
(London: Virago, 2009)

34. “Ag Pleez Deddy” (1961)
Gillian Slovo uses this song to demonstrate the distance between her childhood and her parents’ fight against apartheid. She, along with Robyn Slovo and Shawn Slovo, would always sing the song driving with their parents Ruth First and Joe Slovo around Johannesburg.
“Censored version” /

35. Ruth First
Ruth First (4 May 1925 – 17 August 1982) was a South African anti-apartheid  activist and scholar born in Johannesburg South Africa. She was Director of the African Studies Program at the University of Mozambique. She was killed by a parcel bomb addressed specifically to her Maputo Mozambique where she worked in exile from South Africa.

36. The Challenge and The Threat
1.The impact of Settlers (Both European, Middle Eastern and Asian) on “your" part of Africa.
2.Francophone Issue: the impact of France on the region as a part of a European image and the extent to which the French in West Africa are "settlers.“
3.The New Settlers? Foreign Aid Workers and Missionaries

37. Settlers as a Pariah Group:
Question: Was Europe’s Relationship with Africa Different than with the Middle East, Asia and Latin America
Is this the real problem with a mixed economy with a strong private sector and non-profit economy

38. Settlers Redux Impact on the Whole Continent
Question: Was Europe’s Relationship with Africa Different than with the Middle East, Asia and Latin America
The New Settlers: Foreign Aid Workers, Contractors and Missionaries

39. One View

40. vs. Indigenous People- Wa Arusha Masai

41. South Africa: Review Dutch- settlement and movement
“So Called Coloureds” [ and Indians]
1815: End of Napoleonic War
1820s settlers: British
British vs. Dutch-

42. South Africa Profile, 1985: Is South Africa Different?
Indians 900,000
Europeans: 4,800,000
Coloured (Mixed Race): 2,900,000
Africans: 24,000,000
Indigenous: San-Khoisian: 31,000
Others: Chinese, Japanese, Arabic (30,000- less than .5%)

43. “S0-Called Coloured” South Africans

44. South Africa: Reminder
Trusteeship vs. Assimilation
Segregation vs. Apartheid- "Homelands" as nations
Afrikaans vs. African Nationalism
Majority rule vs. minorities

45. South Africa: The Dependency Issues
Role of working class and poor whites
Mining and labor reserve- "peasant based proletariat
Multi-racialism, non-racialism vs. “Africanization”

46. Peasantariat Families and Mining- South African Mines and European Lights

47. Settlers: The Issue and the Problem
Francophone Africa:
North Africa, Algeria and permanent association
The Importance of “Francophonie” on Culture and Values
Italians, Belgians and Portuguese

48. Eritrea- 1940s

49. “Sarkozy admits France made mistakes over Tunisia” Nicholas Sarkozy and Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali

50. West Africa Role of the "Syrians" and "Lebanese“ Arabs as "settlers?“
People of mixed race?

51. Mixed Race Political Leaders- Jerry Rawlings, Ghana and Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Liberia

52. Seretse Khama Ian Khama- Botswana

53. Mixed Race Eastern and Central Africa 80,000 people
Issue- Loyalty to the State and conflict with Indigenous Peoples

54. Zimbabwe Military demobilization and Rhodesia "Home Rule"- UDI
Zimbabwe and Non-racialism
Indigenous Peoples and Land

55. Rhodesian Army, c. 1975

56. Zimbabwe- “White Africans?”

57. Land Economics In Zimbabwe

58. Eastern and Southern Africa
Indians in Eastern and Southern Africa
Asians- The forgotten settlers
Amin, Mugabe and the indigenous people argument

60. Missionaries, Traders and Settlers: How to Assess
British Settlers and Asian Traders
Missionaries and Settlers
East Africa, the Federation
Southern Africa
The special issue of Namibia

61. The Uganda Asians

62. IMAGES: Still From The Film 'White Mischief'

63. Popularizers: Ernest and Mary Hemmingway and Madonna (Stereotyped Images)

64. Carrie Gruenloh, MPIA Univ
Carrie Gruenloh, MPIA Univ. of Pittsburgh, Democracy Specialist (Southern Sudan) USAID

65. Discussion 1. Structural Adjustment
2. The impact of Settlers (Both European, Middle Eastern and Asian) on “your" part of Africa.
3. Francophone Issue: the impact of France on the region as a part of a European image and the extent to which the French in West Africa are "settlers.“
4.The New Settlers? Foreign Aid Workers and Missionaries
5. What are the Major Issues Effecting African Development?