1. Organic Instrumentation

2. Chromatography Principle:
Components of a mixture are separated based on their selective adsorbance on a stationary phase while carried by a mobile phase
The mixture is placed on a stationary phase and then a mobile phase passes through the stationary phase moving the mixture & separating the components from each other

3. 1) Paper chromatography
Principle = as definition
Stationary phase = paper
Mobile phase = liquid
Process =
- draw pencil line 1cm from top & bottom of paper
- place spot of mixture on bottom pencil line
- cover bottom of tank with solvent

4. - place bottom of paper in solvent
- allow solvent to rise to the top pencil line
- remove paper and allow to dry
- measure the Rf value for each component of the mixture
Rf = distance travelled by component
distance travelled by solvent

6. 2) Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Principle = As definition
Mobile phase = liquid
Stationary phase = solid (silica or aluminium oxide)
Process = Same as paper
Uses = forensic science

8. 3) Column Chromatography
Principle = As definition
Mobile phase = liquid
Stationary phase = solid

9. Process =
- pack stationary phase into column
- flush solid phase with appropriate solvent
- place sample on top of solid phase
- flush the sample through the solid phase
- collect all the solutions that pass through
- test each solution

11. 4) Gas Chromatography Principle = as definition Mobile phase = gas
Stationary phase = non-volatile liquid

12. Process =
- sample injected and carried through a column by the flow of gas
- separated because the more volatile components of the gas are swept along by the gas faster than the less volatile ones
Uses = drug tests on athletes & blood alcohol tests

14. 5) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC):
Principle = as definition
Mobile phase = solvent (non-volatile)
Stationary phase = tiny particles of silica

15. Process =
- sample is injected and carried through a column by the solvent
- high pressure has to be applied to push the solvent through the column
Uses = growth promoters in meat & vitamins in foods

17. Mass spectrometry - measures relative atomic mass (AR) of an element
- measures relative molecular mass (MR) of a compound
- identification of substances
Uses = analyse gases from waste dump, analyse organic pollutants in water

19. Ultraviolet (UV) Absorption Spectrometry
Principle = absorption of UV radiation by molecules excites their electrons and the absorption of the molecules is directly proportional to their concentration
Process = UV light is passed through the sample and a blank sample and an absorption spectrum is obtained
Uses = analysis of drug metabolites and plant pigments

21. Infrared (IR) Absorption Spectrometry
Principle = Molecules absorb different frequencies of infrared light. Each molecule absorbs a different frequency.
Process = Sample is placed between a source of infrared light and a detector. Amount of light detected is compared to the amount absorbed. A spectrum is formed.
Uses = Identify plastics and drugs