1. Crude oil Treatment process
Hydrotreatment
Sulfur recovery
Amine recovery

2. Hydrotreating
A number of contaminants are found in crude oil. As the fractions travel through the refinery processing units, these impurities can damage the equipment, the catalysts and the quality of the products. There are also legal limits on the contents of some impurities, like sulphur, in products.
Hydrotreating is one way of removing many of the contaminants from many of the intermediate or final products.
In the hydrotreating process, the entering feedstock is mixed with hydrogen and heated to 300 – 380 oC. The oil combined with the hydrogen then enters a reactor loaded with a catalyst which promotes several reactions:
Hydrogen combines with sulphur to form hydrogen sulphide (H2S).
Nitrogen compounds are converted to ammonia.
Any metals contained in the oil are deposited on the catalyst.
Some of the olefins, aromatics or naphthenes become saturated with hydrogen to become paraffins and some cracking takes place, causing the creation of some methane, ethane, propane and butanes. 2

3. Hydrotreating 3

4. Hydrotreatment
Remove contaminants from many of the intermediate or final products.
Feedstock is mixed with hydrogen and heated to oC. The oil combined with the hydrogen then enters a reactor loaded with a catalyst which promotes several reactions:
- Hydrogen combines with sulphur to form hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
- Nitrogen compounds are converted to ammonia
- Metals contained in the oil are deposited on the catalyst
- Some of the olefins, aromatics or naphthenes become saturated with hydrogen to become paraffins
- Some cracking takes place, creating methane, ethane, propane and butanes.

5. Hydrotreatment
Remove: contaminants such as sulfur, nitrogen, condensed ring aromatics, or metals
Feedstocks: range from naphtha, solvents, distillate fuels, residual fuels, vacuum residuum
Product: mainly used as environmentally acceptable clean fuels.

6. Hydrotreater
GTC Technology

7. Feedstock - treatment Residual fuels: Hydro-desulfurization (HDS)
since the sole object is sulfur removal.
Other than residual fuels :Hydrofining.
improve the odor, color, stability, combustion characteristics, removes sulfur, nitrogen and other nonhydrocarbon
In the catalytic cracking feed stocks: Hydrofining
significantly improves cracking quality. Carbon yield is reduced, gasoline yield is increased
The need for low sulfur residual fuel oils to alleviate the air pollution problem has led to the development of the required hydrotreating technology.

12. Difference between Hydrotreating and hydrocracking
Hydrotreating and hydrocracking both can be called as Hydroprocessing

13. Naphtha Hydrotreating Objectives
Sulphur
Reduced to less than 0.5 wt ppm.
Nitrogen
Metals
Reduced to ppm levels.
Oxygen/Water
Reduced to less than 1 wt ppm
Olefins & di-olefins
Saturated to avoid exchanger fouling and reactor coking

14. Diesel Hydrotreating Objectives
Sulphur
Reduced to between wt%  
Nitrogen -
Reduced as much as possible
 Cetane -
An improvement of 1-3 cetane numbers  
Aromatics/polyaromatics  
Stability - Olefins are saturated.

20. Guard Reactor

21. Increasing Difficulty
Desulfurization
Increasing Difficulty

23. Denitrogenation
More complex reaction

24. Oxygen Removal

25. Olefin Saturation
Very rapid and exothermic reaction

26. Aromatic Saturation

27. Hydrotreater
BP-UK