1. Muscles Revision Exam Questions

2. Define and describe the term ‘motor unit’ (4 marks)
A motor neurone and the muscle fibres which it stimulates
All muscles fibres within one unit are the same type (e.g. all slow twitch)
Muscles which are required for fine control have motor units consisting of a motor neurone connected to only a small number of fibres. (e.g. eyelids)
Muscles which are required for gross movements have motor units consisting of a motor neurone connected to a large number of fibres. (e.g. gastrocnemius)
The ‘all or nothing law’ states that all the fibres within a motor unit either contract or do not contract – partial contraction is not possible.
To increase the force of contraction more motor units could be recruited;
Or bigger motor units (those with more muscle fibres)
Or more fast twitch motor units

3. During the race a swimmer has to dive off the starting blocks as quickly as possible. Identify the ‘muscle fibre type’ used to complete this action and justify your answer. (3 marks)
A. Fast twitch fibres/type 2 B. Type 2b/fast twitch glycolytic/FTG C. Fast speed of contraction D. High force of contraction/powerful contraction / strong contraction

4. How can a performer vary the strength of muscular contractions to ensure that a skill is completed correctly? (4 marks)
A. (Greater the force needed) larger motor units recruited B. More units recruited C. Need fast twitch fibres rather than slow twitch fibres D. Multiple unit summation/spatial summation E. All or none law/All or nothing law/or explanation F. Wave summation/frequency of impulse/innervations G. Motor unit unable to relax/increase the force H. Tetanus/titanic for powerful contraction I. Muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length/speed of contraction J. Send information to brain/CNS K. Compares information to long term memory to ensure correct force applied/past experiences L. Spatial summation – rotating the frequency of the impulse to motor units to delay fatigue

5. The Sliding Filament Hypothesis suggests muscular contraction occurs in the sarcomeres of the muscle fibres. Explain how actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomere bind together causing muscular contraction. (4 marks)
A. Filaments unable to bind due to tropomyosin B. Receipt of nerve impulse/action potential/electrical impulse/wave of depolarisation C. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (releases) D. Calcium (ions released) E. (Calcium) Attach to troponin (on actin filaments) F. Causes change of shape of troponin/moves tropomyosin G. Exposes myosin binding site (on actin filament)/ ATP H. Cross bridge formation I. Powerstroke occurs/Ratchet Mechanism/Reduce H zone/z lines closer together

6. Fast twitch muscle fibres are used for power based activities such as javelin. What is the structural characteristic about fast twitch fibres which results in them: a) being able to contract very quickly b) being able to contract with great force c) becoming fatigued very quickly (3 marks)
More developed sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions more quickly
Thicker myosin filaments / more myosin filaments
Less mitochondria (where ATP is produced) and lesser supply of capillaries meaning less oxygen supply (required for aerobic activity)

7. Label the diagram below and describe how it changes during muscle contraction. (6 marks)

8. 6 marks for correctly labelled diagram (including actin and myosin)
During contraction:
Z lines move closer together
H zone disappears