1. What is the difference between nonspecific and specific defense, and the role of lymphocytes in the immune response?

2. ?????????
The ability to resist infection and disease

3. Immunity
The ability to resist infection and disease

4. ?????????? Defenses Lymphocytes:
part of the immune response
Identify, attack, and develop immunity:
to a specific pathogen

5. Specific Defenses Lymphocytes: Identify, attack, and develop immunity:
part of the immune response
Identify, attack, and develop immunity:
to a specific pathogen

6. Nonspecific Defenses Block or attack any potential infectious organism
Cannot distinguish one attack from another
PLAY
Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses

7. What are the major components of the lymphatic system and their functions?

8. 4 Parts of the Lymphatic System
What are they?

9. 4 Parts of the Lymphatic System
a fluid similar to plasma
does not have plasma proteins
Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics):
network that carries lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system

10. 4 Parts of the Lymphatic System
Lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs:
found throughout the body
Lymphocytes, phagocytes, and other immune system cells

11. Organization of the Lymphatic System
PLAY
3D Rotation of the Lymphatic System
Figure 22–1

12. Lymphocyte Production
3 places that lymphocytes are produced:

13. Lymphocyte Production
Lymphocytes are produced:
lymphoid organs (e.g., spleen, thymus)
and in red bone marrow
in lymphoid tissues (e.g., tonsils)

14. Lymphocyte Distribution
Lymphocytes:
detect problems
travel into site of injury or infection

15. ???????? Are special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine
Transport lipids from digestive tract

16. Lacteals Are special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine
Transport lipids from digestive tract

17. Lymphatic Vessels and Valves
Figure 22–3

18. ?????????????? Blockage of lymph drainage from a limb
Causes severe swelling
Interferes with immune system function

19. Lymphedema Blockage of lymph drainage from a limb
Causes severe swelling
Interferes with immune system function

20. Why are lymphocytes important, and how are they distributed in the body?

21. Lymphocytes Make up ????????????? % of circulating leukocytes
Most are stored, not circulating

22. Lymphocytes Make up 20–30% of circulating leukocytes
Most are stored, not circulating

23. 3 Classes of Circulating Lymphocytes

24. 3 Classes of Circulating Lymphocytes
T cells:
thymus-dependent
Make up 80% of circulating lymphocytes
B cells:
bone–marrow derived
NK cells:
natural killer cells

25. 3 Main Types of T Cells

26. 3 Main Types of T Cells Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells
Suppressor T cells

27. Cytotoxic T Cells Attack cells infected by viruses
Produce cell-mediated immunity

28. Helper T Cells
Stimulate function of T cells and B cells

29. Suppressor T Cells
Inhibit function of T cells and B cells

30. “Regulatory T Cells” Are helper and suppressor T cells
Control sensitivity of immune response

31. B Cells Make up 10–15% of circulating lymphocytes
Differentiate into ??????????????? cells

32. B Cells Make up 10–15% of circulating lymphocytes
Differentiate into plasma cells

33. Plasma Cells
Produce and secrete ???????????? (immunoglobin proteins)

34. Plasma Cells
Produce and secrete antibodies (immunoglobin proteins)

35. ????????????
Targets which identify any pathogen or foreign compound

36. Antigens
Targets which identify any pathogen or foreign compound

37. Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Also called large granular lymphocytes
Make up 5–10% of circulating lymphocytes

38. Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Responsible for immunological surveillance
Attack:
foreign cells
virus-infected cells
cancer cells

39. Production and Distribution of Lymphocytes
Figure 22–5

40. Lymphoid Stem Cells Group 1: remain in bone marrow
produce B cells and natural killer cells

41. Lymphoid Stem Cells Group 2: migrate to thymus
produce T cells in environment isolated by blood-thymus barrier

42. T Cells and B Cells Migrate throughout the body:
to defend peripheral tissues
Retain their ability to divide:
is essential to immune system function

43. What are the structures and functions of lymphoid tissues and organs?

44. Lymphoid Tissues
Connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes

45. Lymphoid Nodules
Figure 22–6

46. Lymphoid Nodule Areolar tissue with densely packed lymphocytes
Germinal center contains dividing lymphocytes

47. Distribution of Lymphoid Nodules
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Respiratory tract (tonsils)
Along digestive and urinary tracts

48. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (???????????????)
Lymphoid tissues associated with the digestive system:
aggregated lymphoid nodules:
clustered deep to intestinal epithelial lining
Appendix:
mass of fused lymphoid nodules

49. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
Lymphoid tissues associated with the digestive system:
aggregated lymphoid nodules:
clustered deep to intestinal epithelial lining
Appendix:
mass of fused lymphoid nodules

50. The 5 ?????????? In wall of pharynx: left and right palatine ??
pharyngeal ? (adenoid)
2 lingual ??

51. The 5 Tonsils In wall of pharynx: left and right palatine tonsils
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
2 lingual tonsils

52. Lymphoid Organs Are separated from surrounding tissues
By a fibrous connective-tissue capsule
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen

53. Lymph Nodes
Range from 1–25 mm diameter
Figure 22–7

54. ??????????????
Chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes may indicate infections, endocrine disorders, or cancer

55. Lymphadenopathy
Chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes may indicate infections, endocrine disorders, or cancer

56. Antigen ????????????? First step in immune response
Extracted antigens are “presented” to lymphocytes:
or attached to dendritic cells to stimulate lymphocytes

57. Antigen Presentation First step in immune response
Extracted antigens are “presented” to lymphocytes:
or attached to dendritic cells to stimulate lymphocytes

58. The ?????????????? Located in mediastinum Deteriorates after puberty:
diminishing effectiveness of immune system

59. The Thymus Located in mediastinum Deteriorates after puberty:
diminishing effectiveness of immune system

60. The Thymus
Figure 22–8

61. Thymus Hormones
??????????????
Promote development of lymphocytes

62. Thymus Hormones
Thymosins
Promote development of lymphocytes

63. 3 Functions of the Spleen
Figure 22–9

64. 3 Functions of the Spleen
Removal of abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis
Storage of iron recycled from red blood cells

65. 3 Functions of the Spleen
Initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells:
in response to antigens in circulating blood

66. What are the body’s nonspecific defenses and their functions?

67. SEVEN Nonspecific Defenses
Always work the same way
Against any type of invading agent
???????

68. 7 Types of Nonspecific Resistance
Physical barriers
Phagocytic cells
Immunological surveillance
Interferons
Complement
Inflammation
Fever

69. The 7 Nonspecific Defenses
Figure 22–10

70. Complement (C) Proteins
Form the complement system
Complements action of antibodies
PLAY
Immunity: Complement

71. What is specific resistance
What is specific resistance? What are the forms and properties of immunity?

72. Forms of Immunity
Figure 22–14

73. Forms of Immunity
?????????:
present at birth
after birth

74. Forms of Immunity
Innate:
present at birth
Acquired
after birth

75. Acquired Immunity
????????:
antibodies develop after exposure to antigen
antibodies are transferred from another source

76. Acquired Immunity Active: Passive:
antibodies develop after exposure to antigen
Passive:
antibodies are transferred from another source

77. Active Immunity
??????????? ?????????:
through environmental exposure to pathogens
????????????:
through vaccines containing pathogens

78. Active Immunity Naturally acquired: Induced:
through environmental exposure to pathogens
Induced:
through vaccines containing pathogens

79. Passive Immunity Naturally acquired: Induced:
antibodies acquired from the mother
Induced:
by an injection of antibodies

80. What are the differences between cell-mediated (cellular) immunity and antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity?

81. The Immune Response
Figure 22–15 (Navigator)

82. The Immune Response 2 main divisions:
cell mediated immunity (??????? cells)
antibody mediated immunity (?????? cells)
PLAY
Immunity: Cell-Mediated Immunity

83. The Immune Response 2 main divisions: cell mediated immunity (T cells)
antibody mediated immunity (B cells)
PLAY
Immunity: Cell-Mediated Immunity

84. What are the types of T cells and their functions in the immune response?

85. Antigens and MHC Proteins
PLAY
Antigens and MHC Proteins
Figure 22–16a (Navigator)

86. 2 Classes of MHC Proteins
found in membranes of all nucleated cells
found in membranes of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
found in lymphocytes

87. 2 Classes of MHC Proteins
Class I:
found in membranes of all nucleated cells
Class II:
found in membranes of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
found in lymphocytes

88. ??????????? Cells (APCs)
Responsible for activating T cells against foreign cells and proteins

89. Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
Responsible for activating T cells against foreign cells and proteins

90. Phagocytic APCs Free and fixed macrophages: Kupffer cells: Microglia:
in connective tissues
Kupffer cells:
of the liver
Microglia:
in the CNS

91. Pinocytic APCs Langerhans cells: Dendritic cells: in the skin
in lymph nodes and spleen

92. Actions of ??????????? T Cells Release perforin:
to destroy antigenic cell membrane
Secrete poisonous lymphotoxin:
to destroy target cell
Activate genes in target cell:
that cause cell to die

93. Actions of Cytotoxic T Cells
Release perforin:
to destroy antigenic cell membrane
Secrete poisonous lymphotoxin:
to destroy target cell
Activate genes in target cell:
that cause cell to die

94. 4 Functions of ?????????? Stimulate T cell divisions:
produce memory T cells
accelerate cytotoxic T cell maturation
Attract and stimulate macrophages
Attract and stimulate NK cells
Promote activation of B cells

95. 4 Functions of Cytokines
Stimulate T cell divisions:
produce memory T cells
accelerate cytotoxic T cell maturation
Attract and stimulate macrophages
Attract and stimulate NK cells
Promote activation of B cells

96. ??????????? Cells Responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
Attack antigens by producing specific antibodies
Millions of populations, each with different antibody molecules
PLAY
Immunity: Antibody-Mediated Immunity

97. B Cells Responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
Attack antigens by producing specific antibodies
Millions of populations, each with different antibody molecules
PLAY
Immunity: Antibody-Mediated Immunity

98. B Cell ?????????????
Corresponding antigens in interstitial fluids bind to B cell receptors
B cell prepares for activation
Preparation process is sensitization

99. B Cell Sensitization
Corresponding antigens in interstitial fluids bind to B cell receptors
B cell prepares for activation
Preparation process is sensitization

100. B Cell Sensitization and Activation
PLAY
B Cell Sensitization and Activation
Figure 22–20 (Navigator)

101. B Cell Sensitization During sensitization, antigens are:
taken into the B cell
processed
reappear on surface, bound to Class II MHC protein

102. What is the structure of an antibody, and what types of antibodies are found in body fluids and secretions?

103. Antibody Structure
Figure 22–21a, b

104. Antibody Structure 2 parallel pairs of polypeptide chains:
1 pair of heavy chains
1 pair of light chains
Each chain contains:
constant segments
variable segments

105. 5 Heavy-Chain Constant Segments
Determine 5 types of antibodies:
??????????????????????

106. 5 Heavy-Chain Constant Segments
Determine 5 types of antibodies:
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA

107. Antibody Function
Figure 22–21c, d

108. A ???????????? Also called partial antigen
Must attach to a carrier molecule to act as a complete antigen

109. A Hapten Also called partial antigen
Must attach to a carrier molecule to act as a complete antigen

110. Dangers of Haptens
Antibodies produced attack both hapten and carrier molecule
If carrier is “normal”:
antibody attacks normal cells
e.g., penicillin allergy

111. What are the functions of antibodies and how are they performed?

112. 7 Functions of Antigen–Antibody Complexes

113. 7 Functions of Antigen–Antibody Complexes
Neutralization of antigen binding sites
Precipitation and agglutination:
formation of immune complex

114. 7 Functions of Antigen–Antibody Complexes
Activation of complement
Attraction of phagocytes
Opsonization:
increasing phagocyte efficiency

115. 7 Functions of Antigen–Antibody Complexes
Stimulation of inflammation
Prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion

116. What are the primary and secondary responses to antigen exposure?

117. Primary and Secondary Responses
Occur in both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity
Figure 22–22

118. The Primary Response Peak response: IgM: can take 2 weeks to develop
declines rapidly
IgM:
is produced faster than IgG
is less effective

119. The Secondary Response
Activates memory B cells:
at lower antigen concentrations than original B cells
secrete antibodies in massive qualities

120. Body Responses to Bacterial Infection
Figure 22–24

121. Combined Immune System Responses
Figure 22–25

122. Hormones of the Immune System
Table 22–3

123. ???????????? Disorders
A malfunction of system that recognizes and ignores “normal” antigens
Activated B cells make autoantibodies against body cells

124. Autoimmune Disorders
A malfunction of system that recognizes and ignores “normal” antigens
Activated B cells make autoantibodies against body cells

125. Autoimmune Disorders Thyroiditis Rheumatoid arthritis
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

126. Immunodeficiency Diseases
3 examples (categories):

127. Immunodeficiency Diseases
Problems with embryological development of lymphoid tissues:
can result in severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

128. Immunodeficiency Diseases
Viral infections such as HIV:
can result in AIDS

129. Immunodeficiency Diseases
Immunosuppressive drugs or radiation treatments:
can lead to complete immunological failure

130. ?????????????? Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens
Allergens:
antigens that trigger allergic reactions

131. Allergies Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens
Allergens:
antigens that trigger allergic reactions

132. 4 Categories of Allergic Reactions
????

133. 4 Categories of Allergic Reactions
Type I:
immediate hypersensitivity
Type II:
cytotoxic reactions

134. 4 Categories of Allergic Reactions
Type III:
immune complex disorders
Type IV:
delayed hypersensitivity

135. Type I Allergy (1 of 3) Also called immediate hypersensitivity
A rapid and severe response to the presence of an antigen
Most commonly recognized type of allergy
Includes allergic rhinitis (environmental allergies)

136. Type I Allergy (2 of 3) Sensitization leads to:
production of large quantities of IgE antibodies
distributed throughout the body
Second exposure leads to:
massive inflammation of affected tissues

137. Type I Allergy (3 of 3) Severity of reaction depends on:
individual sensitivity
locations involved
Allergens in blood stream may cause anaphylaxis

138. Anaphylaxis (1 of 2) Can be fatal Affects cells throughout body
Changes capillary permeability:
produce swelling (hives) on skin

139. Anaphylaxis (2 of 2) Smooth muscles of respiratory system contract:
make breathing difficult
Peripheral vasodilatation:
can cause circulatory collapse (anaphylactic shock)

140. What are the effects of stress on immune function?

141. Stress and the Immune Response
???????????????????:
secreted to limit immune response
long-term secretion (chronic stress):
inhibits immune response
lowers resistance to disease

142. Stress and the Immune Response
Glucocorticoids:
secreted to limit immune response
long-term secretion (chronic stress):
inhibits immune response
lowers resistance to disease

143. Functions of Glucocorticoids
Depression of the inflammatory response
Reduction in abundance and activity of phagocytes
Inhibition of interleukin secretion