1. Biology 322 Human Anatomy
Respiratory System

2. Anatomical Structures Support Specific Functions of Respiratory System
Ventilation: Movement of air to and from sites
of gas exchange
Gas Exchange: Movement of specific gases
such as oxygen & carbon dioxide
between air and blood (in lung) or
between blood and extracellular
fluids (in other tissues)
Gas Transport: Movement of oxygen (in blood)
away from lung and of carbon dioxide
(also in blood) back toward lung.
Obviously: Closely linked with
circulatory system

3. Organs of Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

4. Organs of Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Air Blood
Smaller bronchi Branches of pulmonary arteries
Bronchioles Arterioles
Alveolar ducts Capillaries
Alveoli Venules
Branches of pulmonary veins

5. Pharynx
Esophagus
Lung buds
Intestine

7. Nasal Cavity:
Removes dust & other debris
Warms inhaled air
Humidifies inhaled air
Concha or turbinates
project from lateral wall, create turbulance

8. Right & left sides of nasal cavity separated by nasal septum;
from oral cavity by palate

9. Inhaled air passes from
nasal cavity into pharynx.

10. Inhaled air passes from nasal cavity into pharynx.
Three regions:
Nasopharynx

11. Inhaled air passes from nasal cavity into pharynx.
Three regions:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx

12. Inhaled air passes from nasal cavity into pharynx.
Three regions:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Inhaled air passes from laryngopharynx into larynx

13. Inhaled air passes from nasal
cavity into pharynx.
Three regions:
Nasopharynx – Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Oropharynx Mixture of pseudostratified columnar
Laryngopharynx and stratified squamous epithelia

14. Structure of Larynx:
Nine cartilages connected by muscles & ligaments

15. 3 large unpaired: Epiglottis Thyroid Cricoid 6 smaller paired
Structure of Larynx:
Nine cartilages:
3 large unpaired: Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid
6 smaller paired
Anterior View

16. 3 large unpaired: Epiglottis Thyroid Cricoid
Structure of Larynx:
Nine cartilages:
3 large unpaired: Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid
6 smaller paired: Cuneiform
Corniculate
Arytenoid
Posterior View

17. Anterior Posterior Midsagittal (Section)
Superior

18. Vocal cords (also called vocal folds or vocal ligaments) are strands of dense regular connective tissue running anteriorly from arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage.
If they are adducted (close together) air moving between the cords causes them to vibrate.

19. Intrinsic muscles of larynx (no, you don’t need to know their names) move the vocal cords by moving the arytenoid cartilage
Opening between vocal cords = glottis

21. Begins at bottom of larynx (cricoid cartilage)
Trachea:
Begins at bottom of larynx (cricoid cartilage)
Ends by dividing into two primary bronchi.
Cricoid Cartilage
Right Primary Bronchus
Left Primary Bronchus

22. Trachea:
Held open by cartilages
which form incomplete
rings around it.
Lumen lined by
pseudostratified
columnar epithelium.
Many mucous glands
in wall; cilia on surface

23. Trachea:
Cross section of neck at level of vertebra cervical 6

24. Lungs:
Occupy most of thoracic cavity

25. Lungs:
Primary bronchus, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary veins enter/leave lung together at hilum (or hilus or root) of each lung

26. Lungs:
Surrounded by double-layered
pleura with
pleural cavity between
parietal and visceral layers

27. Primary bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein

28. Lungs:
Each lung divided into lobes by deep grooves or fissures

29. Lungs:
Each lung divided into lobes by deep grooves or fissures
Right lung has 3 lobes:
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe

30. Lungs:
Each lung divided into lobes by deep grooves or fissures
Right lung has 3 lobes:
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Separated by 2 fissures:
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure

31. Lungs:
Each lung divided into lobes by deep grooves or fissures
Left lung has 2 lobes:
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe

32. Lungs:
Each lung divided into lobes by deep grooves or fissures
Left lung has 2 lobes:
Superior
Inferior
Separated by 1 fissure:
Oblique fissure

33. Lungs:
Each lung divided into lobes by deep grooves or fissures
Each lobe has its own
secondary bronchus,
its own branch of the
pulmonary artery, and
pulmonary vein

34. Lungs:
Each lobe consists of bronchopulmonary segments

35. Lungs:
Each lobe consists of bronchopulmonary segments
Each segment has is own
tertiary bronchus, its own
branch of the pulmonary
artery, and its own branch
of the pulmonary vein

36. Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
(smaller branches)
(bronchioles)
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

37. Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
(smaller branches)
(bronchioles)
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone

38. Alveoli: Microscopic air sacs Diameter 200-400 um
Wall = simple squamous
epithelium called
Type I Alveolar cells
Other cells:
Type II alveolar cells
(secrete surfactant)
Dust cells (macrophages)

39. As the bronchi branch and divide, so do the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins which accompany them.
At the end, each alveolus is
surrounded by many capillaries
for the exchange of gasses
between air (in the alveolus)
and blood (in the capillaries).

40. This air (in the alveolus) and blood (in the capillaries) are separated by a very thin wall, called the respiratory membrane, through which gasses can easily diffuse.