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5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000 50 000 Elevation (meters) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Air Pressure (percent of sea level) Figure 5.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Warm Air Warm Air Cold Air Cold Air 900 kg m-2 3900 kg m-2 88 hPa 382 hPa C Low Pressure Aloft High Pressure Aloft 4400 kg m-2 6400 kg m-2 431 hPa 628 hPa B 8400 kg m-2 8900 kg m-2 824 hPa 873 hPa A kg m-2 kg m-2 1020 hPa 1020 hPa Increased Air Mass Aloft Increases Surface Pressure Decreased Air Mass Aloft Decreases Surface Pressure High Surface Pressure Low Surface Pressure Figure 5.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Surface: Wind Crosses Isobars
Aloft: Geostrophic Wind Parallel To Isobars 1000 meters 840 hPa 845 hPa 850 hPa Pressure Gradient Force Coriolis Force Altitude Surface: Wind Crosses Isobars Low Pressure Pressure Gradient Force Friction Coriolis Force Surface High Pressure Figure 5.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Divergence Convergence L H Convergence Divergence Figure 5.4
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Polar High Subarctic Low Subarctic Low Polar Easterlies Polar Front 60oN Subtropical High Subtropical High Westerlies 30oN Trade Winds Intertropical Convergence Zone Equatorial Low Equatorial Low Equator Trade Winds 30oS Westerlies Subtropical High Subtropical High Polar Front 60oS Polar Easterlies Subarctic Low Subarctic Low Polar High Figure 5.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Figure 5.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Warm Water Cold Water Figure 5.7
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Figure 5.8 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Figure 5.9 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Figure 5.10 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Antarctic Circumpolar Gyre
Subtropical Gyre Subpolar Gyre Subpolar Antarctic Circumpolar Gyre Figure 5.11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Cold Salty Deep Water Cold Salty Deep Water Warm Shallow Water Figure 5.12 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Figure 5.13 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Figure 5.14 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Figure 5.15 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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