1. Essential Questions: What challenges will colonists face from both internal and external forces?
Lesson plan for August 28, 2007: Warm-up question, F&I War ppt notes, Salutary Neglect activity.

2. Rise of the American Press
Newspapers grew in number and popularity throughout 18th Century America
They were the primary form of method by which news spread throughout the colonies
Freedom of the Press???

3. French & English Mercantilist Wars

4. French & English Colonial Wars
The introduction of new English mercantilist policies changed its economic & military attitude towards the colonies:
Increase protective tariffs & create trade regulations so the colonies work for motherland
If that failed, go to war with economic rivals & get the colonists to fight too
British Americans were increasingly drawn into European conflicts in the 18th Century with France & Spain

5. French & English Colonial Wars
A series of European conflicts involving England & France spilled over into colonial North America:
King William’s War ( )
Queen Anne’s War ( )
King George's War ( )
These wars were based on mercantilist competition & had little political significance, but…
Queen Anne’s War was War of Spanish Succession; King George’s War was War of Austrian Succession
While the British colonies were militarily superior to New France, a lack of colonial unity & French alliances with Native Americans weakened colonial advantages

6. …these wars led to a land frenzy in the 1750s, among French & British colonists
Territorial disputes along the Ohio River sparked the French & Indian War

7. This would give the colonists too much power
Turning Point: 1754
1754 proved to be a turning point in American colonial history
In 1754, English officials & colonists met to discuss Iroquois problems at the Albany Congress
Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union for a coordinated colonial army
The plan was vetoed by colonial assemblies & Parliament
This would give the colonists too much power
The plan was too expensive & would limit each colony’s power to control its own actions

8. Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union America’s 1st political cartoon

9. Turning Point: 1754
In 1754, VA governor sent 22 year old George Washington to protect an Ohio Company claim
Washington’s troops were forced to retreat from Fort Duquesne; This clash proved to be the beginning of the French & Indian War

10. French & Indian War

11. The French & Indian War The war went bad for England from 1756 to 1758
In 1757, Prime Minister William Pitt took command of the military:
Used well-qualified generals
Had a “blank check” to fund the war in America, India, & Europe
In 1758, the tide of the war turned; England won by 1760

12. Treaty of Paris
France—lost Canada, most of its empire in India, & claims to lands east of the Mississippi River
Spain—got all French lands west of the Miss. River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England
England—gained all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade, & total control of India

13. North America after 1763
America in 1750
America in 1763

14. Perceptions of the War Colonial views:
Colonies could be very strong when they worked together
Newly gained frontier had land
Colonial commanders learned how to fight
English views:
Americans took forever to organize & balked at helping raise money for an expensive war to protect their own lands

15. 1763 was a “Turning Point” in British-Colonial Relationships?

16. Effects of the War on Britain?
The war increased England’s colonial empire in North America
But, Pitt’s “blank check” greatly enlarged England’s debt
Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings
As a result, England leaders felt that a major reorganization of its American Empire was necessary!

17. Effects of the War on Americans?
The French & Indian War united the colonists against a common enemy for the 1st time
The 1760s were an affluent & optimistic “post-war” period with little thought of independence:
Most colonists considered themselves proud members of England’s empire

18. Eroding Bonds of the Empire

19. Parliamentary Sovereignty
In 1760, George III became king & began a new colonial attitude: Parliamentary sovereignty
English officials assumed that Parliament must have ultimate authority over ALL laws & taxes
The colonists tried to reserve the colonial authority for their own legislatures
Suspicions in colonies & England that George wished to enlarge his powers (appt of chief minister Bute & others)
Bute was appointed Chief Minister of England because he got along with George, no other reason. Parliament was furious. Eventually Bute resigned & George was fickle in his appointments—often changing chief ministers leaving England with no clear plan for gov’t. Left England in precarious state & colonies largely ignored during this time. 3

20. No Taxation Without Representation
The colonists assumed that their assemblies were quasi-equal to Parliament because they had no Parliamentary representatives
British officials countered with “virtual representation” argument
The colonists insisted that only their colonial assemblies could tax Americans
Parliament represents ALL British citizens no matter where they live 4

21. Two Theories of Representation
What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?
How could the colonies accept the decisions of Parliament when they did not have representation in that body?
Absolute?
OR Limited?

22. Eroding the Bonds of Empire
After the Seven Years War, everyone expected George to remove British army from America (French were no longer a threat)
But…this large, expensive army was not removed
British citizens were not happy because they had to pay for it
Colonists doubted the army’s value against Native Americans 6

23. There’s all this land & no French!!
Pontiac’s War
Backcountry natives banded together to repel white frontier settlers during Pontiac’s War:
Indian successes exposed the British army’s weakness
Attacks revealed desperation of Native Americans after the withdrawal of the French
Colonials took matters into their own hands (Paxton Boys in PA)
There’s all this land & no French!!
(Senecas, Ottowas, Miamis, Creeks, Cherokees)

25. British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763
Fort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt

26. The Proclamation of 1763
In response to Pontiac’s war, the British government established the Proclamation Line of 1763:
This law forbade colonists from settling across the Appalachian Mountains (for their own protection)
Americans viewed the line as an obstruction to their “legitimate economic development”

27. North America in 1763

28. Conclusions: Rule Britannia?

29. Rule Britannia?
Despite the mounting tension, by 1763, most Americans were loyal “brothers” to England because of:
a shared British culture
dependence upon British consumer goods
shared nationalism after British military victories against France