1. Personality Development
Erik Erikson

2. Erik Erikson
Viewed personality in 8 stages that cover a person’s life span.
In each stage a person faces specific developmental changes and certain conflicts and challenges.
No one is completely successful in any stage, but the more successful one is, the healthier the personality will be.
People must modify their personalities in order to adjust successfully to their social environments
A child’s success in the early stages depends largely on their parents
An ongoing process that is never final

3. Erickson’s Stages of Personality Development
Trust vs. Mistrust (1st year)
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (2nd year)
Initiative vs. guilt (Preschool years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle childhood)
Identity vs. Role confusion (12 to 18 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (19 to 40 years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 to 65 years)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65 to death)

4. Trust vs. Mistrust Trust Mistrust Receive inconsistent care
Consistent Environment
Having Basic Needs Met:
Respond quickly
Holding and Cuddling
Playing and Talking
Love and care for them
Food, clothing, warmth, sleep, etc…
Mistrust
Receive inconsistent care
Receive little love and attention
Fear and suspicion toward the world and everyone in it

5. Trust vs. Mistrust TRUST!
These infants see the world as a safe place and other people as helpful and dependable

6. Cycles of Trust and Mistrust

7. Autonomy vs, Shame/Doubt
2 to 3 yrs old

8. Autonomy Develop a sense of independence
Developing minds of their owns
SAYING NO!
Allow children to practice new motor skills, want to do everything themselves
Let them practice life skills and make simple choices
Gives a sense that they can control their own behavior and their environment
Builds confidence
They will look forward to meeting greater challenges

9. Shame Not allowing children to do things for themselves
Doubt their abilities
Always criticizing and scolding children for not being perfect
Question their worth and their abilities to control themselves and their world.
View themselves and the world in shame and doubt.

10. Initiative vs. Guilt
Four and five year olds

11. Initiative Often initiate activities
Spend time imaging what they want to do, then think of ways to do those things.
Children need to know their ideas, questions, and concepts matter to others
Children need chances to create play ideas and put them into action
  What parents can do to foster initiative
o        Teach children to ask questions, find answers, and form concepts
o        Respond positively to child’s ideas
o        Offer approval and encouragement

12. Guilt Parents scold instead encourage
Children’s play ideas are not praised
Belittle and ridicule children
Punishing children for acting on their ideas
No encouragement to think or be creative
Parents convey to children that their ideas are not valuable or worthwhile
The child will feel less confident

13. Industry vs. Inferiority
6 to 11 years old
Children capable of deductive reasoning
Learn to follow rules
Become interested in how things are made, how they work, and what they do
Parents are no longer the only influence on stages.
teachers are also major influence
School atmosphere can make a difference

14. Industry Capacity to make a productive effort. What parents can do:
Encourage children to do, make, or build projects
Stress importance of seeing a task through to completion
Praise and reward them for their efforts

15. Inferiority Feel incapable of succeeding in their efforts
Discouraged from doing and making things on their own
Not praised for their accomplishments, don’t feel like they can do anything right.
May passively accept failure or misbehave to compensate
Feel less worthwhile and valuable
May seek criticism for doing things wrong—at least they will get attention