1. Reproduction

2. Asexual Reproduction- involves only one parent, produces a new organism genetically identical to the parent.

3. Sexual Reproduction- involves the production and fusion of sperm and egg (1 or 2 parents), produces variation in offspring.

4. Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
# of parents
Gametes produced?
Genetic Variety?
Time needed to produce offspring

5. Asexual Reproduction Only 1 Parent-All Kingdoms 1
Asexual Reproduction Only 1 Parent-All Kingdoms 1. Binary Fission/Mitosis-one cell divides into two cells…

6. Binary Fission/Mitosis allows for no genetic variability!

7. Bacteria- Binary Fission- splitting into 2

8. How fast can bacteria reproduce?

9. Exponential growth 1 2 4 8 16 32 64
128
256
512

10. Single celled Eukaryotes- Mitosis (nucleus breaks apart and reforms 2 nuclei in 2 different cells)

12. 2. Budding-offspring begins to develop on the parents body and then fragments off the original parent-Hydra

13. Figure 46.1 Two from one: asexual reproduction of a sea anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima)

14. 3. Vegetative Propagation producing new plants from existing vegetative structures,

17. 4. Fragmentation the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring
Sea Stars

18. Sponges

19. 5. Regeneration if a piece of a parent is detached, it can regrow

20. 6. Parthenogenesis An unfertilized egg develops into an adult
Parthenogenesis: Aphids, honeybees, lizards

21. 7. Spore Formation
Are produced by many organisms(algae, fungi, bacteria)
Contain DNA, Cytoplasm & tough outer wall-protects it from drying out.

22. When conditions are favorable-spores germinate & grow

23. Sexual Reproduction

24. Simple Sexual Reproduction
Conjugation: sexual process in some simple organisms in which genetic material is transferred by cell to cell contact.
1. Kingdom Protist: Algae
ex: Chlamydamonas
Alternation of generations: both haploid and diploid generations exist

25. asexual n
Sexual
conjugation 2n
zygospore

26. Chlamydomonas- (green algae) Reproduces asexually most of the time, it can also reproduce sexually under certain environmental conditions.

27. 2. Kingdom Fungi
Conjugation occurs between different hypha
Bread Mold

28. 3. Kingdom Eubacteria: prokaryotes
Not a true form of sexual reproduction
Plasmid: pieces of genetic material transferred from one bacteria to another
Form a connecting bridge of cytoplasm (pilus)

31. Stamens & Carpels

34. Pollination/Fertilization

35. Plant life cycles 2 Stages- alternation of generations.
Sporophyte-is the diploid (2n) stage that produces spores by meiosis
Gametophyte-is the haploid(n) stage that produces gametes by mitosis (pollen, ovule)

37. Sexual Reproduction
Pollen production

38. In the female gametophyte-2 haploid nuclei go to the center-polar nuclei & 1 egg.

39. Male Gametophyte is in the pollen on the anther.
Female Gametophyte is in the ovule in the ovary.

40. Parts of a Flower Stigma Petal Style Sepal Filament Anther ovary
8. Structures 1, 3, & 7 make up the structured female structure called the
9. Structures 5 & 6 make up the male structure called the
10. The ovule(s) is found within the
11. Which structure is the site of pollen production?
12. Which structure is the recipient of the pollen?
13. Which structure protects the reproductive parts and attracts pollinators?
14. The structure that will eventually become a fruit is the
15. The structure that holds the anther upright is the
16. Does a plant produce more pollen or more ovules? Explain.

41. Double Fertilization

42. Double Fertilization-1 sperm fertilizes the central cell (future endosperm), other fertilizes the egg (future embryo)
Double fertilization

43. Sexual Reproduction Female Gametophyte What is 3n? 2n?
What part will become food for the new embryo?

44. Sexual Reproduction

45. Reproduction in Animals
For almost all animals, the organism is always diploid
Only the gametes are haploid

46. Some animals may be able to reproduce either asexually or sexually, like the sponges. More complex animals, it is sexual reproduction that is predominant.

47. Gametes are produced in the sex organs –gonads Sperm is produced in the testes Eggs are produced in the ovaries. Gametes are made through the process of meiosis

48. Among simpler organisms, both kinds of sex organs develop in the same individual. These animals are called hermaphrodites

49. Why would separate sexes be an adaptation?
MORE VARIETY

50. Fertilization
Sperm + Egg

51. There are 2 types of fertilization
Internal Fertilization-
External Fertilization-

52. Figure Frogs mating

53. Figure 46.4 The release of eggs and external fertilization

54. Sexual Reproduction External fertilization Large numbers of gametes
Synchronized release of gametes
Mating behaviors
Do animals that use external fertilization exhibit parental care?

55. External Fertilization
External: - little or no care for young, many offspring, external fertilization and external development, young dispersed widely, can repopulate a niche quickly

56. Spawning External fertilization

57. Video clip from s drive

58. Sexual Reproduction Internal fertilization
Many male, few female gametes
Mating behaviors (courtship, estrous cycles)
Parental care
Few offspring

59. Internal Fertilization
Internal care for young, generally few offspring at once, internal fertilization - shelled eggs or live birth.

60. Figure 46.0x1 Utethesia ornatrix mating

61. Figure 46.0x2 Red beetles mating

62. Figure 46.x1 Aphid giving live birth

63. Figure 46.3 Sex reversal in a sequential hermaphrodite

64. External vs. Internal Fertilization

65. Figure 46.12 Structure of a human sperm cell

66. Figure 46.8 Reproductive anatomy of the human male

67. Figure 46.8 Reproductive anatomy of the human male (continued)

68. Sexual Reproduction Male Reproductive Structures Identify: Bladder
Penis
Urethra
Testes
Epididymus
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Bulbourethral
gland
Prostate
Rectum
Scrotum
Seminiferous
tubules
Male Reproductive Structures
What is the function of each?

69. Male Secondary Sex Characteristics
Increased Musculature
Deeper Voice (Larynx)
Pubic Hair
Spermatogenesis

70. Spermatogenesis Everyday millions of Stem cells in the
Seminiferous tubules
Undergo meiosis.

71. Figure 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female

72. Figure 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female (continued)

73. Sexual Reproduction Female Reproductive Structures Identify: Bladder
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Pubic
bone
Urethra
Rectum
What is the function of each structure?

74. Sexual Reproduction Another look Please label.
Where does fertilization take place?
Implantation?
Where does the
fetus develop?

75. Figure 46.13b Oogenesis

76. Figure 46.16 Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events

77. Estrogen production During puberty the pituatary gland produces FSH .
Stimulates the follicle cells to produce Estrogen.

78. Estrogen controls Female Secondary Sex Characteristics
Adipose deposits (Breasts)
Widen Pelvic girdle
Pubic hair
Onset of the Menstrual cycle

79. Menstrual Cycle-4 phases
Menstruation: Day 1-5-uterine lining is shed because no pregnancy.
Follicle phase: Day 6-13-Estrogen levels rise & stimulate 1 ovum to mature.
Ovulation: Day 14-hormone levels peak & the ovum is released from the ovary.
Luteal Phase-Day Follicle cells become corpus luteum-produce progesterone-builds up endometrium.

80. Figure 46.15 The reproductive cycle of the human female

81. Spawning in Fish

82. Fertilization-The first sperm to reach the ovum uses the acrosome to penetrate the membrane and then forms a fertilization membrane so no other can penetrate.

83. Implantation Phase

84. Cleavage Begins

85. Somites, Leg & Arm buds

86. Amnion & Yolk Sac

87. Fetal Membranes

88. Human Fetus

89. Fetus sucking thumb

90. Vernix caseosa & lanugo 24 Weeks

91. 3 Stages of Delivery

92. Hormonal control of labor