1. PIA 2020. Introduction to Public Affairs
Week Two:
The Methodology of Comparing Public Systems

2. Revisit: Overview of this Session
The Importance of Culture and the Comparative Method
Influences on the Public Policy Processes
History and Contemporary Policy Issues
The Search for Enduring Themes

3. The Beginning: The Importance of Culture in Comparative Politics
So far so good….
The Problem- Definition as the beginning of confusion
1. Method vs. Area Problem- The core of Comparative Politics
2. Strict definition: A method for cross- national comparison of political or bureaucratic structure or behavior.
3. Often used as all public policy and administration which is not American
4. Key: Focus Upon Bureaucracy in both a contemporary and a Historical Context helps us understand public affairs

4. The Critical Issue of Culture: Public Affairs and the Bureaucracy

6. An Example: What is the dominant cultural value in terms of access to political processes?
a. Ascription
b. Representation vs. achievement
c. Values re. social and economic change or distribution
d. What is the dominant cultural value? What is most important?
e. Representation vs. Politics

7. Ascription

8. Culture and Enduring Themes
Dysfunctionalism, Corruption and Civil Service Reform
Law and Order vs.Private Enterprise and Public Sector Management of Economic Activities
State Management vs. Privatization
Debates about Contracting

9. Culture and the Nature of Interaction with Society
Access: DISCUSSION OF VALUES
1. Access to government often through the bureaucracy
Nature of interaction: Review
a. Ascription vs. achievement
b. Values re. social and economic change
c. Ethnic, religious or racial privilege

10. ACCESS?

11. Comparative Public Management and Development: Macro-Theme
Companion to Issues of
Development Theory, Human Security: THE ROLE OF
THE STATE IN SOCIAL &
EONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1. Policy, and Planning
2. Critical to an understanding of International Relations and Security Policy

12. Summary: Comparative Public Policy
1. Comparative View of Public Affairs and Management and Relationship to the Policy Process
2. The role of the bureaucracy in
politics- Bureaucrats do make policy
3. The relationship between the state, the state bureaucracy to non-profit organizations, private sector and economic development.

13. Political Culture: Bureaucracy, Organizations and Power
The control of bureaucratic power, upon which comparisons of diverse bureaucracies can be valid. (Trump is now learning this)
Reminder- The Use of History: Historical Kingdoms in Asia, Africa and Europe precursor to modern state system

14. D. Comparative Public Affairs (PA) and Administration: “Five Minute History”
Preliminary Comments:
1. The History and Public Affairs: Culture and the Passage of Time is Important
2. The view from the rest of
the world. That includes the U.S.
3. A discipline that is not
4. Origins in the Comparative
Politics Movement

15. India, Empire and Britain Modern Europe
Historical Case Studies: Political Culture and Continuity of Themes- How the World Shaped Public Policy Processes
China
Egypt
Rome
Feudalism
Africa
Absolutism
India, Empire and Britain
Modern Europe

16. China- Mandarins- c. 1500 BC Symbol: Elites
Personalized Despotism
Ministries/Departments with Officials
Hierarchy of Authority
Selection based upon competition
General administration model

17. Many of the palaces were very much in the Chinese style
Many of the palaces were very much in the Chinese style. Vietnam was ruled by China for several hundred years, and adopted many of the Imperial Chinese practices (like the exam system, and mandarins). (Influenced East and South East Asia)

18. Egypt- c. 1000 BC Symbol: Technical achievement
a. Clerks and Scribes
b. Architects, engineers
c. Pyramids- craftsmen as elites
Contemporary views in Egypt: Criticism includes bribery, corruption, over-standardization, red tape, extortion, laziness
Hydraulic Society

19. The Principle of Building Pyramids-1

20. The Principle of Building Pyramids-2

21. Rome- 27 BC-476 AD Symbol: Taxes and Empire
a. Revenue- system for Tax collection
b. Distinguish: private vs. public personalities of head of state/ separation of resources of state from individuals
c. Distinguished ruler from ruled
d. Contemporary critique: Too large, inflexible, oppressive, over-centralized (eg. Israel)
e. The Importance of Law

22. Roman Law: The new code promoted the organization of public prosecution of crimes and instituted a system whereby injured parties could seek compensation in civil Disputes
Napoleonic Law
Roman Dutch Law
Common Law

23. Feudalism- 400 AD-1400 AD Symbol: Collapse
a. Many power centers- myth of collapse (Decentralization)
b. Collapse of apparatus of central state- For some not all bad
c. More developed state systems-Byzantium, North Africa and Asia
d. Back to more traditionalist, fused systems at the end of the period (Resembled pre- colonial Africa)

24. Roland Pledges His fealty to Charlemagne

25. African Kingdoms: 800-1800 Ghana- Hierarchical Monarchy
Mali- Timbuktu and Higher Education
Songhai- Imperial Grandeur
Zimbabwe- Stone Architecture
Zulu- Warfare and Totalitarianism

26. African Kingdoms:

27. Songhai Empire, c.1340–1591

28. An African Traditional Leader
An African Traditional Leader? Khama the Great- (C, ) Ian Khama Being Sworn In on April 1, 2008 (An African Democrat?) The Resilience of Traditionalism

29. Tshekedi Khama and Seretse Khama and Family

30. Absolutism and the Nation-State, 1500-1800: Western Europe and Scandinavia
a. Return to Roman Ideal. Absolutist Kings
b. Royal Privileges
c. Raise revenues: system of taxation, tax collectors back in business
d. Mercentilism- wealth, based on state monopoly companies, basis of state power. Empire key to Expansion
Modern origins of specialized administration- no longer members of the "king's household"-

31. Sixteenth Century Europe

32. Louis XIV, the Sun King ruled France from 1643 to 1715: Traditionalism

33. Poul Christian von Stemann, (April 14, 1764 – November 25, 1855)  for twenty years the last ”prime minister” of Danish absolutism

34. Prussia: Frederick the Great- 18th century (Institutions of Governance)
a. Administration as a university study- Cameralism (Chamber managing the public's business)
b. Entrance Examinations
c. Field Training (Internships)
d. Critique: caste status of bureaucrat, aloof, exclusive and inflexible

35. Prussian Law: Cameralism is an economic theory in which public revenue is sole measure of national prosperity

36. (Representation). Old Sarum U. K
* (Representation)* Old Sarum U.K. By the 19th Century, the village, Old Sarum, was officially uninhabited and yet still had formal parliamentary representation, making it the most notorious of the rotten boroughs that existed before the Reform Act of 1832

37. The Debate about Institutions, Economics and and Society: FROM EUROPE TO EMPIRE
Social Dynamics and the Origins of bureaucratic systems: an understanding Max Weber and Karl Marx
The Public Sector Debate: Law and Order (or Weber vs. Marx)

38. Abolutism as Colonial Empire: Asia, Africa, the Americas India- Northcote-Trevelyn Report of Reform in the Colonies BB (Before Britain)
a. Result of Indian Mutiny
b. Pattern of Recruitment- Career appointments, competitive examinations, and an end to patronage
c. Early model of merit system-no politics

39. Empire: Sepoy Mutiny 1857

40. Modern Europe- (Note John Armstrong)- 19th Century England vs
Modern Europe- (Note John Armstrong)- 19th Century England vs. British Empire
1. Gentlemen generalists
2. Rotten boroughs and patronage
3. Sinecures- "bastard sons of the ruling class“
4. Reform- merit, exams and elites
Colonial Administrators
Law and Order vs. Economic Change

41. Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920)- The Big Theory Man

42. Weber: The Importance of Democracy in the Delivery of Public Services
Campaigning for the Weimar Constitution in Germany, 1919

43. Capitalism and the Protestant Ethic- And its Critics

44. The Norms, Beliefs, and Institutions of 21st-Century Capitalism: Celebrating Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Conference: October 8-9, 2004

45. 4. Traditional, Charismatic and Legal-Rational Models of Public Administration- Max Weber: 1864-1920
Note: It was history that influenced the ideas of two late 19th century intellectuals, Karl Marx and Max Weber
Myth- Bureaucracy as a neutral actor
Max Weber’s Theory- Three ideal types of administration- Max Weber's three models
Traditional, Charismatic and Legal Rational

46. Central Debate: Two Giants of Public Affairs and Public Service
Max Weber- Both a social scientist and a politician
1. Concern for Values: So-called Protestant Ethic
2. Separation of bureaucracy and politics
3. Weimar Republic- Political Institutions
Karl Marx- Both a social scientist and a revolutionary
1. Class- Dialectic Materialism (History)
2. Social and Withering Away of State
3. Russian Revolution After his Death

47. As a Social Scientist
Karl Heinrich Marx
(May 5, 1818-March 14, 1883)

48. The Dialectic and Historical Materialism
HISTORY: Marx
The Dialectic and Historical Materialism
Roman Slavery-
Citizens vs. Slaves
Feudalism-
Capitalism-
Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat
Socialism- Dictatorship of the Proletariat
Communism

49. 19th Century Germany
Prussia- law, authoritarian, hierarchical, and the German Intellectual
Max Weber- Liberalism and the State- Influenced by the Prussian model of the state

50. Continental Europe
1. France- Revolutionary model- routinization, Technical specialization
2. Iberia- Cartesian Models
3. Scandinavia/Benelux- Legal, then social model

51. Weber’s Traditional- Fused Administration
1. Looked back at China, Egypt, Rome and Africa
2. Fused System- magic, mystification and witchcraft
3. Key- gradual move to rational separation of King from government

52. French Revolution: “History, Nationalism and the Rule of Law”

53. 1. State identified with the movement and leader
Charismatic- Revolutionary and the Aftermath of French Revolution,
1. State identified with the movement and leader
2. Apex under Napoleon
3. Allegiance of civil servant to leader

54. Routinization of Charisma
4. Key: Routinization of Charisma
-from leader, shift loyalties one step further to nation
-basic ministries- finance, foreign affairs, War, Justice, Interior
5. French revolution- Continued emphasis on science and engineering

55. The Role of Satire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nihDRSuTG6o
How Cultural is Political Satire?
Which Political Cultures are being satired here?

56. PIA 2020. Introduction to Public Affairs
Week 2:
The Methodology of Comparing Public Systems
Discussion Session
Jessi Hanson (PhD Teaching Assistant)-

57. Discussion Section Meant to be a review and study aid
Go over readings in more detail together
Solidify ‘must-know’ main points, come to consensus as class on meanings based on readings and class and experience
Prepare for exams
Share thoughts and opinions and expand on readings
There are only ‘good questions and ideas’

58. Discussion Section Engaging with reading and new information = success
Master’s level requirements
May be differences in American-style approaches

59. Discussion Section
Come having read required readings, golden oldies, and focus readings
Orally ask questions or answers at least once per 2 discussions, everyone must participate please
Check online for updates
Help in scanning new materials
If miss, do readings and review notes
Share in note-taking on Google Shared document ‘PIA 2020 Discussion/Recitation Notes (Fall 2017)’

60. Small Group Work (10 mins)
Let’s fill out the definitions as a group
Discuss with your the Letter you are assigned A-N, reference sources for this please and put your first names so we know who is contributing (a must always please)
Group note taker takes notes, and sharer will orally share with group before finalizing

61. Definitions of Public Administration/ Public Policy
Go through A-H one by one
Any modifications or additions? Questions? Examples?
Note takers please insert comments of classmates into your section

62. Kafka’s ‘Bureaucracy’
Who are the main characters?
What is basic summary of the story?
What are the lessons from this? What are connecting themes to class?
How did you like or dislike the piece?

63. Four Pillars of Governance- SCM

64. 4 Es of Administrative Effectiveness- SCM
What are they?
What are good national examples of each?
What are bad national examples of each?
Do we have to be weaker in one to achieve the other or all?