1. Recognizing Different Sports Injuries

2. TYPES OF INJURIES ACUTE CHRONIC Caused by trauma Happens immediately
Caused by overuse
Happens over time

3. FRACTURES DEFINITION - Break in the continuity of the bone
Can range from a crack to crushing of the bone

4. FRACTURES Can be an open or closed fracture Open
AKA “compound fracture”
Bone is exposed through the skin
Closed
Unexposed fracture

5. TYPES OF FRACTURES Transverse
Fracture occurs in a straight line, perpendicular to the bone shaft
Cause – direct blow

6. TYPES OF FRACTURES Longitudinal
Bone splits lengthwise through the shaft
Cause – landing a jump from good height

7. TYPES OF FRACTURES Oblique Is diagonal across the bone
Cause – twisting with one end stabilized

8. TYPES OF FRACTURES Spiral S-shaped fracture up the bone
Cause – similar to oblique fracture, twisting with one end planted or stabilized

9. TYPES OF FRACTURES Impacted Bone is compressed and therefore shortened
Cause – landing from a great height

10. TYPES OF FRACTURES Comminuted Three or more fragments of bone
Cause – direct blow or falling awkwardly

11. TYPES OF FRACTURES Depressed
Occurs in flat bones (ex. skull) where the bones are pushed in/depressed
Cause – direct blow with hard object

12. TYPES OF FRACTURES Greenstick Incomplete fracture through the bone
Common in adolescents
They are called greenstick because these fractures are similar to the branches of trees during the spring/summer – they bend but do not break

13. TYPES OF FRACTURES Blowout Fracture of the orbit of the eye
Cause - Direct blow to the eye

14. TYPES OF FRACTURES Avulsion
Ligament or tendon pulls away part of the bone
Cause – sudden twist or stretch

15. TYPES OF FRACTURES Contrecoup
Occurs on opposite side of where force was directed
In skull, object hits one side and forces internal structures to other side causing a fracture.

16. TYPES OF FRACTURES Stress
Chronic injury, results from repetitive stress and fatigue
Malnourishment or poor biomechanics can lead to these fractures
Most common in weight bearing bones

17. Healing of a fracture
Immobilization, 4-6 wks leg and arm, 3-6 smaller bones, hand or feet
A callus (new bone) forms over a fracture
Osteoblasts – bone forming cells
Osteo means bone
Blast means forming
Osteoclasts – absorbs bone tissue
function to reshape bone and respond to normal stress and strain after cast is removed

18. OPEN SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
These are injuries where layers of the skin are exposed or injured
Abrasion
Commonly known as a scrape
Scraping or rubbing away of layer or layers of the skin

19. OPEN SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Puncture wound
Object penetrates layer(s) of the skin

20. OPEN SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Laceration
Irregular, jagged cut of skin
Usually required stitches

21. OPEN SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Incision
Skin is sharply cut, clean lines of incision
Think of surgical scars

22. SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Blister
Traction on skin separates layers of skin and it fills with fluid

23. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Contusion
Bruise
Bleeding under skin that produces discoloration
MOI – direct blow
ACUTE

24. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Myositis ossificans
Stems from a hematoma – collection of blood in a restricted area
The hematoma leads to inflammation of the muscle that leads to bone formation (ossification)
Hard to get rid of
Common in soccer players
CHRONIC

25. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Joints and Ligaments
Sprain – injury to joint structures (ligaments, joint capsules)
Results from abnormal motion
Graded in severity on a scale of 1-3

26. SPRAIN 1st degree sprain
Mild stretching of fibers but nothing is weakened or unstable
Mild pain and swelling and out 1-2 weeks

27. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Joints and Ligaments
2nd degree sprain
Moderate
Some tearing of tissues – partial tear
Mild instability
Will heal with scar tissue
Moderate pain and swelling
Out 4-6 weeks

28. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Joints and Ligaments
3rd degree sprain
Complete tear of the ligament
Initially painful, but it can subside
Ligaments cannot repair if completely torn
Completely unstable joint
Recovery is dependent upon surgical technique used to replace ligament

29. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Joints and Ligaments
Dislocation
Complete disruption in normal articulation of a joint
3rd degree sprain
MOI – abnormal motion
Goes out and stays out
May involve a fracture as well
Fingers and shoulder are most common

30. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Joints and Ligaments
Subluxation
Partial dislocation
Either starts to go out of joint and reduces itself or there is a partial articulation of the joint
Will still involve tissue tearing to some extent

31. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Muscles and Tendons
Strain
Injury to muscle or tendon unit
Also graded on a scale of 3 with regards to severity

32. STRAINS 1st DEGREE STRAIN Mild stretch of tissues
Will still have normal flexibility
Mildly painful with activity

33. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Muscles and Tendons
2nd degree strain
Moderate
Partial tearing of muscle/tendon fibers
Tenderness and decreased ROM
Susceptible to full tear if not treated properly

34. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Muscles and Tendons
3rd degree strain
Complete rupture of muscle or tendon
Unable to move joint, total loss of function
Muscle will “ball up”
Potentially lots of pain and spasm

35. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Muscles and Tendons
Spasm
Involuntary twitching or contraction of muscle
Protection mechanism
Happens after an injury to limit joint ROM to prevent further injury

36. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Muscles and Tendons
Tendinitis
Inflammation of a tendon
Chronic injury
Tendon will be painful & swollen
Severe tendonitis will have crepitus
Crepitus – crunchy, gravelly feeling in a tendon when the muscle contracts

37. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Bursa – small, thin fluid filled sac that aids with friction b/n skin, tendons, and muscles
When inflammed, bursa will fill with fluid
Looks like a golf ball under the skin

38. CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Fascitis
Inflammation of a fascia
Fascia – broad, flat, tendon-like structure that provides support for surrounding tissues and structures