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Review Atomic Number (Z) – number of protons

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Presentation on theme: "Review Atomic Number (Z) – number of protons"— Presentation transcript:

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2 Review Atomic Number (Z) – number of protons
Mass Number (A) – sum of protons and neutrons Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

3 Radioactive Decay Nucleus undergoes decomposition to form a different nucleus. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

4 Radioactive Stability
Nuclides with 84 or more protons are unstable. Light nuclides are stable when Z equals A – Z (neutron/proton ratio is 1). For heavier elements the neutron/proton ratio required for stability is greater than 1 and increases with Z. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

5 Radioactive Stability
Certain combinations of protons and neutrons seem to confer special stability. Even numbers of protons and neutrons are more often stable than those with odd numbers. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

6 Radioactive Stability
Certain specific numbers of protons or neutrons produce especially stable nuclides. 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126 Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

7 The Zone of Stability Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

8 Types of Radioactive Decay
Alpha production (α): Beta production (β): Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

9 Types of Radioactive Decay
Gamma ray production (γ): Positron production: Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

10 Types of Radioactive Decay
Electron capture: Inner-orbital electron Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

11 Decay Series (Series of Alpha and Beta Decays)
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

12 Which of the following produces a particle? electron capture positron
CONCEPT CHECK! Which of the following produces a particle? electron capture positron alpha particle beta particle The correct answer is d. Go through the rest of the equations to identify these types of equations as well. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

13 Rate of Decay Rate = kN The rate of decay is proportional to the number of nuclides. This represents a first-order process. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

14 Half-Life Time required for the number of nuclides to reach half the original value. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

15 Nuclear Particles To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode
PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

16 Half-Life of Nuclear Decay
To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

17 EXERCISE! A first order reaction is 35% complete at the end of 55 minutes. What is the value of k? k = 7.8 × 10-3 min-1 k = 7.8 x 10-3 min-1. If students use [A] = 35 in the integrated rate law (instead of 65), they will get k = 1.9 x 10-2 min-1. Note: Use the red box animation to assist in explaining how to solve the problem.

18 Nuclear Transformation
The change of one element into another. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

19 A Schematic Diagram of a Cyclotron

20 A Schematic Diagram of a Linear Accelerator
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

21 Measuring Radioactivity Levels
Geiger counter Scintillation counter Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

22 Geiger Counter To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode
PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

23 Carbon–14 Dating Used to date wood and cloth artifacts.
Based on carbon–14 to carbon–12 ratio. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

24 Radiotracers Radioactive nuclides that are introduced into organisms in food or drugs and whose pathways can be traced by monitoring their radioactivity. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

25 Radiotracers Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

26 Energy and Mass When a system gains or loses energy it also gains or loses a quantity of mass. E = mc2 Δm = mass defect ΔE = change in energy If ΔE is negative (exothermic), mass is lost from the system. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

27 Mass Defect (Δm) Calculating the mass defect for :
Since atomic masses include the masses of the electrons, we must account for the electron mass. nucleus is “synthesized” from 2 protons and two neutrons.

28 Binding Energy The energy required to decompose the nucleus into its components. Iron-56 is the most stable nucleus and has a binding energy of 8.79 MeV. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

29 Binding Energy per Nucleon vs. Mass Number
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

30 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Fusion – Combining two light nuclei to form a heavier, more stable nucleus. Fission – Splitting a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

31 Nuclear Fission To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode
PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

32 Fission Processes A self-sustaining fission process is called a chain reaction. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

33 Schematic Diagram of a Nuclear Power Plant
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

34 Schematic Diagram of a Reactor Core
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

35 Nuclear Fusion To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode
PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

36 Biological Effects of Radiation
Depend on: Energy of the radiation Penetrating ability of the radiation Ionizing ability of the radiation Chemical properties of the radiation source Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

37 rem (roentgen equivalent for man)
The energy dose of the radiation and its effectiveness in causing biologic damage must be taken into account. Number of rems = (number of rads) × RBE rads = radiation absorbed dose RBE = relative effectiveness of the radiation in causing biologic damage

38 Effects of Short-Term Exposures to Radiation
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

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