1. Independence Movements Around the World

2. Indian Sub-Continent

3. India
August  Partition of India (Hindu India, Muslim East Pakistan and West Pakistan)
Migration of People  millions of Hindus and Muslims crossed new borders
Mass massacre of each other – 1 million killed
Kashmir  when independence was granted, border conflicts ignited a war over Kashmir – a princely state in the Himalayas
Hindu price in charge signed Kashmir over to India, but its majority of Muslims wanted to be part of the newly created Pakistan
Two nations are still fighting over this region today

4. Sri Lanka

5. India Jawaharlal Nehru  1St Prime Minister of India
Muhammad Ali Jinnah  1st Governor of Pakistan
January 30, 1948  Mohandas Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu extremist
1964  Nehru dies after working to build a modern, secular India
Promoted social justice
Green Revolution
Built dams, hydroelectric power, steel mills (India lacked natural gas and oil, which are two resources necessary to industrialization

6. India 1966  Indira Gandhi becomes the new Prime Minister of India
1984  Indira Gandhi increases the production of food (Green Revolution)
Assassinated by a Sikh bodyguard
1984  Raji Gandhi becomes Prime Minister
Assassinated in 1991

7. Pakistan
1971  East Pakistan (Bangladesh) breaks with West Pakistan (Pakistan)
Differed by language and culture
West Pakistan dominated the economy and the government
During the war, India aided Bangladesh for freedom from Pakistan and helped them gain independence

8. Sri Lanka Island located off the coast of India
Since 1981, Militant Tamils want to separate from Sri Lanka
Civil unrest continues today in the small nation

9. Asia

10. Philippines
Immediate goals  rebuild the economy and restore the capital of Manila
Bell Act  Establish free trade between the United States and the Philippines for eight years, followed by gradually increasing tariffs
United States maintained a military force following independence

11. Philippines
Ferdinand Marcos  Elected president of Philippines in 1965 until 1986
Established an authoritarian regime
Stole million of dollars from the government
Corazón Aquino  elected president in 1986, but Marcos refused to acknowledge her victory
Public outcry led to the exile of Marcos and placing Aquino in control
Instituted a new constitution
Ended US leases on military bases

12. Burma (Myanmar) Became a sovereign republic in 1948
Aung San  leader of the Burmese Nationalist Army
At first, cooperated with the Japanese, then joined the British to fight the Japanese occupation
Defeated the Japanese, but was gunned down before independence
General Ne Win  Set up a repressive government with the goal of a socialist state

13. Burma (Myanmar)
Aung San Suu Kyi  1988, became active in the National League for Democracy
Placed under house arrest for almost six years for pro-democratic actions
1990  National League for Democracy won 80 seats in government during the election
Released in 1995 from house arrest, but is still under surveillance

14. Malaysia & Singapore 1957  Federation of Malaya created
Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak, and Sabah
1965  Singapore separates from the federation
One of the busiest ports in the world
Lee Kuan Yew  Prime minister from

15. Indonesia Sukarno  leader of the Indonesian independence movement
Dutch were unwilling to give up their colonies
Through guerilla war, Indonesians gained their independence
1965  attempted coup on Sukarno, but suppressed by Suharto (a general)

16. Indonesia 1967  Suharto officially named president
Established a police state with martial law
Government filled with bribery and corruption
1998  Suharto was forced to resign

17. Africa

18. Ghana Africans allowed in legislative council by British after WWII
Kwame Nkrumah  worked to gain Ghana’s independence in the 1940s
1957  Ghana gains it’s independence
Pan-Africanism  goal to create a unified, fully African society
Organization of African Unity (1963)
Jerry Rawlings  seized power in 1979 and 1981, still in power today

19. Kenya Mau Mau  wanted to frighten white farmers into leaving Kenya
Jomo Kenyatta  refused to condemn actions of Mau Mau – imprisoned by the British
Kenya granted independence in 1963
Kenyatta becomes the 1st president
Worked to unify the various ethnic and language groups

20. Kenya Daniel arap Moi  takes over control in 1978
Less successful than Kenyatta at governing
Protests led to Moi’s government becoming slightly more democratic
Economy suffers a reversal and Moi’s government becomes very corrupt

21. Congo Most exploited colony within Africa
1960 – Congo granted independence from Belgium
Patrice Lumumba  becomes 1st Prime Minister
Ruled a divided nation
Looked to the United Nations and the Soviet Union for aid

22. Congo Moise Tshombe  local leader of the Katanga region
Area rich in copper
Backed by mining interests
Mobutu Sese Seko  led a coup against Lumumba
Seized power in 1965
Renamed Congo – Zaire ( )
Accused of stealing billions of dollars from the government
1997  Mobutu overthrown by Laurent Kabila – becomes Congo again

23. Algeria 1945  French troops fired on Algerian nationalists
1954  Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) announced its fight for independence
Used guerilla tactics
1958  De Gaulle returns to power in France

24. Algeria 1962  Referendum setting conditions for Algerian independence
Both sides agree on referendum
Independence granted in July, 1962
Ahmed Ben Bella  1st prime minister and then 1st president
Overthrown in 1965
Islamic Salvation Front (ISF)  chief Islamic party, won local nd parliamentary elections in
Civil war broke out and continues off and on today

25. Angola 1960  Three revolutionary groups emerged
Portugal sent in 50,000 troops to put down rebels
Discontent with the colonial wars led to the toppling of the Portuguese dictatorship
1975  Portuguese troops withdraw from Angola
MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola)  took control of Luanda (capitol)
Led to a civil war

26. Angola FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola)
Backed by Zaire and the United States
Short-lived independence group
UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola)
Assisted by South Africa and the United States
1988  United States pressed for settlement between these groups
1989  shaky ceasefire established
1995  began discussions about representation of each group in the government

27. Middle East

28. Palestine and Israel Jews and Arabs each have claims to this land
Zionists  people who favor a Jewish homeland in Palestine
Began settlement in late 19th and early 20th century
Balfour Declaration  statement from the British that the government will support the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

29. Palestine and Israel
1947  United Nations calls for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian state and a Jewish state
May 14, 1948  official formation of Israel

30. Israel and the Arab States in Conflict
Day after Israel is proclaimed a state, it was invaded by Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria
Ended in a few months with an Israeli victory
Full scale war broke out in 1956, 1967, and 1973
Palestinian land never came into reality
Israel seized half of Palestinian land in fighting
Egypt took the Gaza strip
Jordan took the West Bank

31. Israel and the Arab States in Conflict
1956  Suez Crisis
Egypt seized the Suez Canal by orders of President Abdel Nasser
The British and French made an agreement with Israel
Israeli troops marched on the Suez Canal
Pressure from the world community forced the Israelis to withdraw and Egypt regained control of the Suez Canal

32. Israel and the Arab States in Conflict
1967  Six Day War
Nasser and allies decided it was time to defeat the Israelis
Israel struck first, hitting the airfields in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria
Israel lost 800 men and the Arabs lost 1500 men
Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, which created a buffer zone
Some Palestinians were left stateless

33. Israel and the Arab States in Conflict
1973  4th Arab-Israeli Conflict
Anwar Sadat (leader of Egypt) planned a joint Arab attack on Yom Kippur (holiest Jewish holiday)
Caused major Israeli causalities and lost some territory
Golda Meir (Prime Minister of Israel) launched a counterattack and regained territory and settled on an uneasy truce

34. Trading Land for Peace Anwar Sadat offered peace in 1977
Egypt would have peace if Israel would recognize Palestinian rights and return territory seized in 1967 from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria
US president, Jimmy Carter, invited Sadat and Menachem Begin (Israeli Prime Minister) to Camp David
Camp David Accords  treaty signed by Egypt and Israel
Egypt recognizes Israel and Israel returns Sinai Peninsula
1981 Sadat assassinated by Muslim extremists
Egypt’s new leader – Hoshi Mubarak – maintained peace with Israel

35. The Palestinians Demand Independence
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)  led by Yasir Arafat
Armed struggle against Israel in the 1970s-80s
Israel bombed suspected bases in Palestinian towns
1982, Israel invaded Lebanon in an attempt to destroy strongholds, but was drawn into Lebanese civil war and were forced to withdraw
1987  Intifada – campaign of civil disobedience in the form of boycotts, demonstrations, attacks on Israeli soldiers, and throwing rocks
Continued into the 1990s but with little effect

36. The Palestinians Demand Independence
1993  Secret talks in Oslo, Norway led to an agreement
Declaration of Principles – Israel agreed to grant Palestinians self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Signed by Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
1995  Rabin assassinated by right-wing Jewish extremist
1997  Rabin’s successor, Benjamin Netanyahu, met with Arafat to work out plans for a partial Israeli withdrawal from Hebron, on the West Bank
Peace has continued to be difficult to reach