1. Roman History
The Roman Revolution

3. Jean-Léon Gérôme, Pollice Verso, 1872; Phoenix Art Museum
The Price of Empire
Military Security: brutalization, casualties (census of 234 BCE: 270,000; census of 204: 214,000)
Land: latifundia, failing small farms, wealth inequality
Booty and Slaves: Italy a parasite
Rome as Imperial Center: large population, urban mob, poor infrastructure

4. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus († 133)
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus († 121)
Marius († 86); portrait in the Vatican Museum
Sulla († 78); portrait in the Vatican Museum
Pompey († 48); portrait in the New Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen
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5. Caesar († 44); portrait in the Vatican Museum
Mark Antony († 30); portrait in the Vatican Museum
Cleopatra VII († 30); portrait in the Altes Museum, Berlin
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6. Gaius Octavius (63 BCE-14 CE), portrait in the Capitoline Museum, Rome
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Augustus of Prima Porta, 20s CE, Vatican Museum
Imperator C Julius Caesar Divi Filius Octavianus Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribunicia Potestate, Consul, Proconsul, Pater Patriae, Triumphator