1. Physical Limits
Chip designers are running up against the laws of physics. Ten years from now, chips will run at 30 GHz and complete a trillion operations per second. Unfortunately, with today's design technologies, those chips would be putting out the same amount of heat, proportionally, as a nuclear power plant.

2. Physical Limits & CPUs
We have “hit the wall” of physics in our CPU clock speeds
Intel announced in 2004 that it would not attempt to make processors that run at speeds greater than 3.6 GHZ
Future CPUs will have multiple “Cores” to increase performance and bandwidth

3. Future Computers
Few argue that the next generation of computers will be nearly invisible, meaning that they will blend in with everyday objects. Flexible ink-like circuitry will be printed onto plastic or sprayed onto various other substrates, such as clothes.

4. Wearable Computers-Now

5. Wearable Computers-future?

6. Wearable Computers

7. Wearables

8. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Simple adding machine?
Dr. Roberto Guatelli
made a replica for IBM in
1968.
Disputed.

9. John Napier, 1617
”Napier’s Bones”

10. Calculating with Napier’s Bones
times 96431:
Also: Division, Extraction of square roots

11. (example, circular sliderules)
Edmund Gunter, ~1620
The ”Calculating Line” (early sliderule)
Lengths from origin proportional to the logarithms of the registered numbers
Used in conjunction with a compass to multiply & divide
Sliderules popular to ~1970
(example, circular sliderules)

12. Wilhelm Schickard, 1623 ”Calculating Clock” First automatic calculator
Used by Kepler to calculate astronomical tables
Incorporates Napier’s Bones
Adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides six-digit numbers (with carry)
Overflow indicated by ringing a bell

13. Replica of a Schickard machine
Made by Freddy Haeghens (recently)

14. Blaise Pascal, 1645 The Pascaline Add, Subtract
Expensive, not very popular (~50 made)
Production stopped in 1652

15. Sam Morland,1666
Little improvement
over Pascals Machine

16. Gottfried von Leibniz, 1671 Stepped Reckoner
Add, subtract, multiply, divide and evaluate square roots

17. Christian-Ludovicus Gersten, 1735

18. Parson Phillip Matthäus Hahn, 1770

19. And so on… Lord Mahon, Earl of Stanhope, 1775 Abraham Stern, 1814
Charles Xavier Thomas, 1821
Charles Babbage*, 1823
Didier Roth, 1841
Ada Lovelace*,
I. A. Staffel, 1845
C. H. Webb, 1868

20. Joseph Marie Jacquard, 1804 French silk weaver and inventor
Used ideas by inventor Jacques de Vaucanson to make a loom automated with punched cards;
The Jaquard Loom