1. Africa: What we know so far…
The slave trade stopped because of the European Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution made trade in finished products and raw materials more profitable than trade in human beings, especially coal for transportation.

2. Africa: What we know so far…
So, where were Europeans going to get all the raw materials they needed to make their finished products?

3. Africa: What we know so far…
Why not just take the natural resources from Africa?
Europeans then partitioned Africa based on their own needs.
This caused ethnic conflicts, civil wars, and artificial political boundaries.

4. Africa: What we know so far…
Africans desired independence from European colonial rule, why?
Africans were viewed as second class citizens
African lands were exploited for European profit
African cultures were belittled

5. Indirect Rule
Many European countries would have members of the local population to administrative tasks
The Euro’s appointed local chiefs

6. After World War I and II World Wars I & II showed Africans:
Fighting in the wars exposed many Africans to more of the world.
Many Africans fought for European countries in WW II—Africans had issues with European nations because the were inconsistent and did not apply the lessons of WWII to their colonies.
After the war, European countries were financially drained
Africans thought that this was the perfect time to free themselves from European rule.

7. Pan-African Movement
Began in the late 1800s as a philosophy emphasizing the common bond shared by people of African descent and advocating unity among African people.
No matter where you lived, all people of African blood shared a bond.

9. Purpose For Africans to be united in mutual efforts
Improve each other’s economies with trade
End European control of the continent

10. Pan-Africanism/Pan-African Movement
Africans were dreaming of freedom
This growing ideal lead to the growing nationalism of Africans.
In order to win independence from the colonial powers, African leaders encouraged the growth of nationalism.

11. Pan-Africanism
Pan-Africanism led to the formation of the African Union.

12. Independence and its Challenges
Colonial rule caused problems for African countries after independence because African countries had little experience in governmental matters.
Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana’s first President, and MLK, Jr.

13. Independence and its Challenges
There were different paths to independence.
Ghana won its independence from Britain peacefully.
Algeria, a former French colony, had to fight for its freedom.
Ghana Algeria

14. Independent Africa Costs (Negatives) Benefits (Positives)
Inexperienced leaders
New interest in African cultures
Military, dictatorships
African writers won awards
Civil wars, debt, drought, overuse of land, diseases
African art, music, and movies became popular.