1. Russia

2. The Crimean War
Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War ( ) highlighted the need for modernization

3. Reforms Serfdom was abolished by Alexander II in 1861
Legal reforms included trial by jury, equality before the law, judicial independence, etc.
Rail network expanded

4. The Trans-Siberian Railway

5. Reaction Alexander II assassinated in 1881
Alexander III ( ) turned back the clock on reform
-Centralized bureaucracy
-Established secret police
-Increased press censorship

6. The Revolution of 1905
Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War ( ) led to revolution
Duma created
For the 1st time, Russia was a constitutional monarchy

7. Russian Soldiers

8. Japanese soldiers

9. The deck of a Japanese battleship