1. Geography

2. ATLAS
Diagram
Conceptual clarity

3. All PowerPoint Slides available at Mrunal.org/Download
Study material
ATLAS
Book list
Orient Longman
Study publication – India and world
Oxford publication
Goh Cheng Leong
Physical Geography – by Savinder singh
India: comprehensive geography by D.R. Khullar
All PowerPoint Slides available at Mrunal.org/Download

4. Schemes of the Geography Lectures
Physical
Geomorphology
Climatology
Oceanography
Indian
Human/
Economic
World
Asia
Europe
Americas
Africa
World Geography:
Asia= China, Japan, South East Asia, West Asia
Europe = UK, Russia, Germany-France, Eastern Europe
North America = USA, Canada
South America and Africa
Schemes of the Geography Lectures

5. Meaning and span of Geography
Geo= earth and Graphy = study, which means study of earth
Geography can be divided into two parts:
Physical geography and Human geography

6. Physical Human Two Parts of Geography Landforms Atmosphere Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Human
Habitation
Population
Agriculture
Industries- resources

7. Fundamentals of Geography
Latitudes
Longitudes
Seasons on Earth
Time-zones

8. latitudes Latitudes =angular distance of a place from the equator
All latitudes are concentric circles
They are called parallels as well

9. Latitudes Largest latitude – equator Tropics – heat surplus
Temperate, polar regions – heat deficit
Responsible for pressure system and planetary wind system

10. Spherical Earth Tropical Zones Temperate Zones Earth is spherical
- tropics
- temperate zones

11. Reason for seasons: Tilted Earth

12. Summer and Winter Solstice

13. Question
Q. Variations in length of daytime and night-time from season to season are due to
Earth’s rotation on its axis
Earth’s revolution around the sun in an elliptical manner
Latitudinal position of the place
Revolution of earth on a tilted axis
UPSC
Prelims
2013

14. Question
UPSC
Variations in length of daytime and night- time from season to season are due to
Earth’s rotation on its axis
Earth’s revolution around the sun in an elliptical manner
Latitudinal position of the place
Revolution of earth on a tilted axis
Prelims
2013

15. Daylight Saving in Temperate regions

16. Longitudes Angular distance of a place from prime meridian
Also called meridians
0 degree = Greenwich in UK
180 degree = International date line

17. International Date Line

18. Earth rotates 360 °s in 24 hours
360/24 = 15°
15° longitude
= 1 hour

19. 30th Dec Morning
Alaska
31st Dec
Morning
Russia

20. International Date Line
Moving East
1 DAY
Gain
Moving West
1 DAY
Lost

21. Standard time
1) Every country selects its standard meridian. 2) Angular distance between standard meridian of a nation to Greenwich meridian time (GMT)

22. Indian Standard Time IST – 82.5 E Meridian
IST hours ahead of GMT, so GMT+5.5

23. IST Chaibagaan time zone
British launched Chaibagaan time (1 hr ahead of IST) 150 years ago in Assam
After independence – rejected
2007 DST study – rejected – admin challenges
Jan 2014 CM of Assam – declare to apply Chaibagaan time

24. Russian Time Zones

25. Question Time zones If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at 75 °E?
Difference = 75 °
15 ° => 1 hour
75 ° => 5 hours
East (means add) = 5 pm

26. Question
Time zones
If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at 30 °W?
Difference = 30 °
15 ° => 1 hour
30 ° => 2 hours
East (means minus) = 10 am

27. Exercise
UPSC
Q. If it is am IST, then what would be the local time at Shillong on 92 deg E Longitude?
9.38 am
10.38 am
10.22 am
9.22 am
Ans. B)
Prelims
1999

28. Exercise
UPSC
Q. Through which one of the following groups of countries does equator pass?
Brazil, Zambia and Malaysia
Columbia, Kenya and Indonesia
Brazil, Sudan and Malaysia
Venezuela, Ethiopia and Indonesia
Prelims
2006

29. Q. Which of the following cities is nearest to the equator ? Colombo
Exercise
UPSC
Q. Which of the following cities is nearest to the equator ?
Colombo
Jakarta
Manila
Singapore
Prelims
2008

30. Exercise
UPSC
Q. Which one of the following straits is nearest to the International Date Line?
Malacca Strait
Bering strait
Strait of Florida
Strait of Gibraltar
Prelims
2008

31. Malacca strait

32. Strait of Florida

33. Strait of Gibraltar

34. Exercise
UPSC
Q. Consider the following countries:
Australia
Namibia
Brazil
Chile
Through which of the above does the Tropic of Capricorn pass?
Prelims 2009

35. Exercise
UPSC
1 only
2,3 and 4
1,2 and 3
1,2,3,4
Prelims 2009

36. Longitude
Latitude
Reason for Seasons on Earth
Time zones