1. Independence in 20th Century

2. Creation of Israel

3. ISRAEL In 1948 the UN established Israel as a homeland for Jews
This caused conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors – still to this day
This led to many Palestinian refugees in Israel, Jordan, Egypt…

5. ASIA

7. INDIA India had been colonized by England for over 150 years
Nationalism developed in India
Independence movement was led by Gandhi

8. GANDHI Gandhi believed in civil disobedience and passive resistance
After WWII, India gained independence from England

9. PAKISTAN There was great tension between Hindus and Muslims in India
Violence broke out
Muslims and Hindus had to be separated into 2 countries
Muslims formed Pakistan

10. BANGLADESH Muslims in Pakistan were separated into east and west
Conflict developed
In 1970, Pakistan was divided into 2 countries: Pakistan (west) and Bangladesh (east)

12. AFRICA

14. Western Africa Farming communities
Had been colonized for 150 years by England, France, Belgium…
Transitions to independence were generally peaceful

16. Eastern Africa Very important trading communities
Colonized mainly by French and English
Violence broke out between European colonists and Africans fighting for independence
Ex: Kenya was led by 1st President Kenyatta

17. South Africa
South Africa moved toward better race relations in the 1990s
They abandoned apartheid (racial segregation)
Nelson Mandella was released from prison and became their first black President