1. Indian Independence and the Creation of Pakistan

2. What did India want?
The movement for independence began 1885 with the formation of the INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS.
At first, India just wanted self-government.
But eventually, India wanted to be free from British rule.

3. Who led the independence movement?
MOHANDAS GANDHI stepped forward to lead India’s movement for independence. He focused on civil disobedience (non-violence) to achieve independence.
Gandhi called for PASSIVE RESISTANCE
Declaring a law unjust
Refusing to follow it
Suffering the consequences

4. Gandhi called this process SATYAGRAHA, Hindu for
How did Gandhi protest the British?
Gandhi and his followers defied British rule through peaceful protests.
Gandhi called this process SATYAGRAHA, Hindu for
truth
holding firm
Other people, like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. would practice this behavior.

5. What did Gandhi go through?
Gandhi suffered for his cause by:
Leading the Salt March in 1930 to protest British taxes
Boycotting the purchase of British goods to hurt the British economically
Enduring life-threatening hunger strikes (fasting)
Going to jail

6. lowest social class in India
Who supported Gandhi?
lowest social class in India
Thousands of people joined with Gandhi….
…even the PARIAHS that were usually known as the “untouchables”
Gandhi renamed these people the HARIJAN
“Children of God”

7. Higher offices still remained out of their reach.
How did the British respond?
The British slowly gave into the demands of the Indian people…
…such as allowing Indians to run for local offices.
Higher offices still remained out of their reach.

8. When did independence come?
After World War II, the independence movement grew stronger
1947 – Independence finally comes to India.

9. Who lived in India? Hindus Muslims
Before giving India its independence, the British tried to settle religious tensions between
Hindus
And
Muslims

10. How was India divided? India for the Hindu people
The easiest way to avoid religious issues was to divide India
Pakistan for the Muslim people
Pakistan was made up of two regions:
West Pakistan
East Pakistan

11. Why did violence break out?
Many people moved according to their religion…
Muslims did not want to live in Hindu India.
Hindus did not want to live in Muslim Pakistan.
During this time of migration – violence broke out between the two groups. Over 1 million people were killed.

12. Kashmir Both India and Pakistan want control of the region of Kashmir.
India controlled the region, but most of the residents were Muslim.
The United Nations enforced a cease-fire and gave Pakistan 1/3 of the region of Kashmir. However, the two still disagree over ownership of the region.
Kashmir

13. What was Pakistan’s problem?
1960s – Trouble occurs between East and West Pakistan
East Pakistan felt it had no power because the government of Pakistan was in West Pakistan.
1971 – East Pakistan declares its independence …
…a civil war erupts…
Today:
West Pakistan = Pakistan
East Pakistan = Bangladesh

14. What type of government was created?
Despite all the conflicts, leaders in India created a government…..
…the Indian Constitution looked very similar to the US Constitution:
Separation of powers
Three branches of government
Two house legislature
A president, vice-president, etc.
However, similar to Great Britain, India had a Prime Minister that ran the government

15. Who led India?
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU became the first Prime Minister of India
However, Nehru lost a valuable supporter when Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated in 1948.

16. Who led after Nehru? Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru
No relation to Gandhi
Had been the head of the Congress Party
INDIRA GANDHI Prime Minister of India

17. How was India changed? Indira Gandhi as leader…
Helped to see the foundation of Bangladesh
Kept tight control over the government
Crushed demands for independent states
“If I die today, every drop of my blood will invigorate the nation”
She was assassinated by her own bodyguard in 1984.
Her son, Rajiv Gandhi became the next Prime Minister – He resigned in 1989 and was assassinated in 1991.