1. Suing the Federal Government
FTCA I

2. History Traditional Sovereign Immunity US Constitution
"No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law." U.S. Const. art. I, § 9.
All compensation had to be by private bills
What problems do private bills pose?

3. Court of Claims 1855 Contracts, tax refunds, takings - not torts
Administrative tribunal to review claims and make recommendations to Congress
Later Congress made the decisions binding
Not an Art III court
Like bankruptcy courts
Appeal to the Federal circuit and the United States Supreme Court

4. Federal Tort Claims Act
Went into effect in 1945
All torts were private bills before then
Tied up Congress and encouraged corruption
Allowed tort claims
Looks to the law of the state where the tort occurred for the standards for the tort
We will discuss the procedure under the FTCA later.

5. Dalehite v. U.S., 346 U.S. 15 (1953) Texas City Disaster
Why is the TVA producing ammonium nitrate fertilizer?
What are other uses of ammonium nitrate?
Where is it going?
Why might a ship also be carrying explosives?

6. The General Claim
The negligence charged was that the United States, without definitive investigation of FGAN properties, shipped or permitted shipment to a congested area without warning of the possibility of explosion under certain conditions.
LNG terminals?
The District Court accepted this theory.

7. Specific Findings by the Trial Court
the Government had been careless in drafting and adopting the fertilizer export plan as a whole,
specific negligence in various phases of the manufacturing process, and
those which emphasized official dereliction of duty in failing to police the shipboard loading.

8. The Statutory Defense
(a) Any claim based upon an act or omission of an employee of the Government, exercising due care, in the execution of a statute or regulation, whether or not such statute or regulation be valid, or based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a federal agency or an employee of the Government, whether or not the discretion involved be abused.

9. What is the Intent of this Provision?
What is a discretionary function?
Why do we limit claims based on government decisionmaking?
What are the consequences for allowing litigants to challenge government polices?
How does this mirror juridical review of rules and adjudications?
What is the remedy for bad decisions?
What about compensation?

10. The United States Supreme Court Ruling
What did the United States Supreme Court rule about the government's actions in this case?

11. Allen v. United States, 816 F. 2d 1417 (10th Cir
Allen v. United States, 816 F.2d 1417 (10th Cir. 1987) - This Clears up the Cloud
How did the government put these people at risk?
Did the government deny that they caused any injuries?
Was this an accident?
What did the government intend to do?
What is the discretionary authority issue and how was it resolved?
What do you do if you do not like this?

12. FTCA Procedure

13. Causes of Action under the FTCA - Sec 2672
The head of each Federal agency ... may consider, ascertain, adjust, determine, compromise, and settle any claim for money damages against the United States for injury or loss of property or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the agency
while acting within the scope of his office or employment, under circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant
in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred

14. Limitations on Liability - Sec 2674
The United States shall be liable, respecting the provisions of this title relating to tort claims, in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like circumstances, but shall not be liable for interest prior to judgment or for punitive damages.
If, however, in any case wherein death was caused, the law of the place where the act or omission complained of occurred provides, or has been construed to provide, for damages only punitive in nature, the United States shall be liable for actual or compensatory damages, measured by the pecuniary injuries resulting from such death to the persons respectively, for whose benefit the action was brought, in lieu thereof.

15. Exceptions to the FTCA - § 28 USC Sec 2680
(h) originally did not include the provision for law enforcement officers.

16. Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971)
Bivens recognized that there is a direct action against federal employees for violations of constitutional rights
Bivens is a personal action, not an official capacity action
Why weren't Bivens actions originally covered by the FTCA?
Why might you use Bivens rather than state tort remedy?

17. 2680(h) - intentional torts by police officers - revised after Bivens
Has become a substitute for a Bivens action for covered officers.
When would a Bivens action still be possible?
When would an ordinary tort action be possible?
A recent case allows a Bivens action against federal medical personnel in a detention center.

18. Administrative Procedural Requirements - Sec 2675
An action shall not be instituted upon a claim against the United States for money damages for injury or loss of property or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his office or employment, unless the claimant shall have first presented the claim to the appropriate Federal agency and his claim shall have been finally denied by the agency in writing and sent by certified or registered mail.
Form 95 - FTCA claims form
Alternatives to Form 95

19. What if the Agency Does Not Act on the Claim?
The failure of an agency to make final disposition of a claim within six months after it is filed shall, at the option of the claimant any time thereafter, be deemed a final denial of the claim for purposes of this section.

20. Filing a Claim is Jurisdictional
This is an administrative compensation scheme, so it is subject to exhaustion of remedies
You file a claim with the agency with 2 years of the accidence
You can only go to court after the agency rules on the claim or after six months
"The failure of an agency to make final disposition of a claim within six months after it is filed shall, at the option of the claimant any time thereafter, be deemed a final denial of the claim for purposes of this section."
If you do not comply with this requirement, your case will be dismissed and if the 2 years has elapsed, you will be prescribed.

21. Suing the Military Exception to FTCA
(j) Any claim arising out of the combatant activities of the military or naval forces, or the Coast Guard, during time of war.
Civilians – can sue subject to this exception
Activity duty military
Feres v. U.S., 340 U.S. 135 (1950)
Cannot sue – military provides its own comp system
Would undermine military discipline