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North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia
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CHAPTER 15: NORTH AFRICA
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ATLAS MOUNTAINS 4 Tectonic Plates interacting: African, Arabian, Anatolian, and Eurasian Atlas Mts. is Africa’s longest range From SW Morocco to NE Tunisia
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DESERTS Northern edge of Sahara Desert Ergs: sandy dune covered areas
Regs: stony plains with rocky gravel (“desert pavement”) Hamadas: flat, sandstone plateaus
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AHAGGAR A large, mountainous plateau region in northcentral Sahara
Highest mt: Mt. Tahat (9,573 ft) in SE Algeria Extend into Niger (S) and Libya (N)
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TIBESTI MOUNTAINS NE Niger and S Libya Range is 300 miles long
Highest summit in the Sahara: Emi Koussi (Chad)---11,204 ft.
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NILE RIVER Nile: world’s longest river (4,160 mi.); flows north from Ethiopia/Uganda Nile Delta: very fertile; home to ancient Egypt Regular flooding spreads ALLUVIAL SOIL: sand and mud deposited by flowing water
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ASWAN HIGH DAM Built in the 1950s to control flow and flooding of Nile
Also provide irrigation and hydroelectric power Prevents spread of alluvial soil thus diminishing soil fertility WADIS: streambeds that remain dry until heavy rains
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WATER BOUNDARIES Mediterranean Sea separates Africa from Europe
Sinai Peninsula, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden separate N. Africa from the Arabian Peninsula
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CLIMATE Desert (arid)and Steppe (semi-arid)
Plant life: cacti and shrubs; olive trees, date palms Small-level farming around oases
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SAHEL Flat plain stretching for 3,300 miles across south Sahara
Semi-arid (steppe) Forms the transition zone from desert to savanna
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NATURAL RESOURCES PHOSPHATES: natural mineral with chem compounds used in fertilizers Natural gas and petroleum as well
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SECTION 2: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH AFRICA
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EARLY PEOPLES Settled around 10,000 yrs ago by hunter/gatherers
First to domesticate plants and animals
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EGYPT Developed 6,000 yrs ago around the Nile River valley
Used sophisticated irrigation Created a 365-day calendar Developed HIEROGLYPHICS: writing system in which pictures and symbols represent words or sounds Brilliant in mathematics and engineering
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ARAB INFLUENCE A.D. 600s: Arab armies move in from Arabian Peninsula
Bring Islam Maintain control of region until 1500s Ottoman Empire takes over Ottoman control ends in 1918
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EUROPEAN INFLUENCE Mid-1800s: French invade Algeria
Italy colonizes Libya Disagreements over who ruled North Africa European colonials drew GEOMETRIC BOUNDARIES: fixed limit that follows straight lines No consideration for natural or cultural features
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INDEPENDENCE Mid-1800s: educated middle class develops in Africa
Nationalist feelings arise Demand for self-rule Egypt gains in 1922 Algeria in 1962
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LIBYA Gained independence from Italy in 1951
Ruled by Western-friendly monarchy 1969: Overthrown by a coup, led by Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi 2010: violent protests overthrow and kill Qaddafi This sets off the “Arab Spring”--- movements in Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia against oppressive, nondemocratic govts
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POPULATION PATTERNS
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Berbers Indigenous people of N. Africa 15 million today Mostly farmers
Had been NOMADS: groups of people who move from place to place, following herds
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BEDOUINS Def: member of the nomadic desert peoples of N. Africa and SW Asia Came with Arab invasions of 600s Arabic speaking Vast majority are Sunni Muslim
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NEED FOR WATER Availability of water has biggest influence on settlement Major population centers arise around water sources
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SOCIETY AND CULTURE
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RELIGION Islam is predominant Prayer 5 times a day
Muezzin (crier) calls for prayer from local mosque Imam (prayer leader) leads prayer Bow and kneel before Mecca
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LANGUAGE Arabic Different dialects and accents Algeria speaks French
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ECONOMICS Oil and natural gas are main exports Tourism
Small level farming High rates of unemployment leads to civil unrest
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