1. A Changing Society
STAAR Review 3

2. The Last American Frontier
The Frontier; aka the West; the Great Plains; Where the Buffalo Roam
Not settled by technologically, but instead was home to the Native Americans.
The Mississippi River was the most common dividing line.
Frontier

3. The Gold Rush
California Gold Rush: brought thousands of people looking to get rich quick.
Klondike Gold Rush : Gold rush of Alaska.

4. Transcontinental Railroad
In 1869, the Transcontinental Railroad was completed.
This line connected the Eastern USA with the Western USA.
Travel time shortened from 6 months to just 10 days. Transports goods.
Omaha
Westward Expansion was on!

5. The Railroads Effect on the Indians
The Indians were dependent on the buffalo for survival. 
The railroads brought the buffalo hunters.
The buffalo hunters wiped out the Indians main source of food, buffalo.
This forced the Indians to move to reservations.

6. The Railroads and the Settlers
The railroads brought settlers to the West.
The settlers plowed up the lands to plant crops.
Tree-less environment and cut up the sod and built sod homes where the Native people used to live.
I think there’s a cow on our roof

7. Availability of Cheap Land
The Homestead Act (1862) allowed settlers to get FREE land.
Many European immigrants were attracted to this offer of free land and almost 1.4 million would eventually established homesteads under this law.

8. Farming on the Great Plains
The growth of railroads and the Homestead Act had enabled farmers to settle the Great Plains.
Farmer had read the railroad advertisements and they expected to find well-watered wooded lands, but they didn’t.
Instead farmers encountered many obstacles:
Indian attacks,
Cattlemen and the Open Range,
Drought,
Extreme weather conditions,
Insect plagues,
Isolation, neighbors were miles away

9. The Cattle Industry Begins
Cowboys round up the wild longhorns in Texas take north to Kansas railroads shipped by train to the slaughter houses in Chicago.
Growth in major cities (North and East) demanded food  growth of cattle industry in West $ to be made A new industry was born!

10. The Cowboy/Rancher
Cowboys learned to rope and ride from the Mexican vaqueros, as well as the use of the saddle, spurs, boots, chaps, and the hat.
The romantic image of the cowboy became a symbol of the individualism of the American spirit.
1 in 5 cowboys were black.
Western music was born in celebration of the cowboy’s life.

11. Closing the Frontier: The Cattle Industry Changes
During the 1870s and 1880s millions of cattle were driven north on the Open Range.
But changes were on the way.
By 1886 overgrazing had destroyed much of the grass and farmers began to fence off their property with a new invention, barbed wire.
The invention of barbwire closes the open range.

12. The Impact of the Railroads
The Transcontinental Railroad connected the different regions of the United States and Railroads became the lifeline to the West.
East:
Produced: Settlers and manufactured goods. (factory)
Growth of big cities (immigration!)
West:
Produced: beef, wheat, lumber, and gold (agriculture)
brought the settlers and everything they needed to the West as towns sprang up around RR.

13. Assimilate uh-sim-uh-leyt verb (used with object)
1. to take in and incorporate as one's own; absorb: He assimilated many new experiences on his European trip.
2. to bring into conformity with the customs, attitudes, etc., of a group, nation, or the like; adapt or adjust: to assimilate the new immigrants.

14. Journal #1 In what ways have you assimilated to a situation?
Please answer in 3 to 5 complete sentences.

15. The Fate of Native Americans: Native Cultures
Native American Indians once occupied all of the United States.
There were many different tribes with varied customs that spoke hundreds of different languages.
Advancing settlements, the loss of the buffalo, and European diseases reduced the Indian population and pushed them farther westward.

16. Government Policy & the Indians: Forced Removal
Indian Removal Act that forced all Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River to move west onto government reservations.
Flood of Settlers –
The Indian Wars –
Destruction of the Environment –
Trail of Tears: Cherokee and other tribes forcibly moved to what is now Oklahoma
Before
After

17. Journal #2 Look at the map
Why did The American Govt. allow Indians to stay in certain places, such as New Mexico
3 to 5 sentences

18. Settlers Impact on the Indians
The expansion of the railroads, the Homestead Act, and the discovery of gold, made lands once occupied by the native peoples more desirable.
Oklahoma, once reserved for the Native Americans was sold to settlers, some got there Sooner than others..

19. The Indian Wars
The lure of good land had brought settlers onto the lands of the Native Americans.
The defeated Indians lost their lands and their way of life as they were forced onto reservations.

20. The Indians Wars
In 1875, the discovery of gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota caused a war between White Settlers and Indians.
The U.S. Cavalry led by Gen. George Custer was wiped out by the Sioux Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse at the Battle of Little Big Horn, The Last Major Indian Victory.
WE PREFERRED HUNTING
to a life of idleness on the reservation,
where we were driven against our will …
We preferred our own way of living …
All we wanted was peace and to be left alone.
Crazy Horse, circa

21. Impact on the Environment
Lumbering depleted forests.
Sodbusters plow the Great Plains to plant crops.
Mining for gold and other precious minerals destroyed the land.
Railroads and buffalo hunters would soon wipe out the buffalo.
Rivers and lakes would be polluted.

22. The Dawes Act (1887)
Many in America wanted the Native Americans to undergo Americanization– adopting to the mainstream culture of America.
The Dawes Act was designed to Ruin Native American Tribal Units
Each family was given 160 acres of land in hopes they would become farmers.
Those who assimilated were given citizenship and right to vote.

23. The Dawes Act and Assimilation
Indian children, seen as the key to assimilation, were forcibly taken from their homes and sent to school. ;
In 1887, the government instituted the Dawes Act to accelerate assimilation by dissolving the reservations and allotting land to individual Indians. Most tribes resisted, refusing to give up their culture and unique ways of life.
CICERO © 2010

24. Tom Torlino, a Navajo who was "civilized" at an Indian Training School
To get on the Dawes Rolls, Native Americans had to "anglicize" their names. This bit of "melting pot" chicanery allowed agents of the government, to slip the names of their relatives and friends onto the Dawes Rolls and thus reap millions of acres of land for their friends and cronies.
Tom Torlino, a Navajo who was "civilized" at an Indian Training School
Land held by Native American tribes before the Dawes Act and 100 years later.
After extermination through disease and "pacification" by the Army, and relocation to reservations, the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was seen as a humanitarian reform intended to help Native Americans.  It authorized the president to divide tribal lands into 160-acre land grants for each head of family and lesser amounts to others.  Unfortunately, it created new opportunities for land spoliation and disrupted traditional cultural bonds.  Land not distributed to Native American families was sold, and "land sharks" swindled many families out of their land.  In an effort to "Americanize" them, Indians were not only taught English but also discouraged from speaking native languages and forced to cut their hair.  Often they were encouraged to replace traditional religious customs with Christianity.  Some became successful farmers but many others remained frustrated and impoverished wards of the federal government.
CICERO © 2010

25. Making Apples: Red outside - White inside
Carlisle School 1900
Making Apples: Red outside - White inside
CICERO © 2010

26. Native children at the Carlisle Indian school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. This school forced native children removed from their home to be acculturated to white culture. Many of the children died because of bad food and conditions.
CICERO © 2010

27. Carlisle Indian Industrial School
Journal #3
In the 1800s and early 1900s Indians were forbidden to practice their religion or speak their language
Carlisle Indian Industrial School
Q: Why were Indians subjected to forced process of assimilation and not the newly arrived immigrants?
CICERO © 2010

28.
American Horse with children and relatives during an 1882 visit to the Carlisle Indian School
CICERO © 2010

29. Apache children arrive at the Carlisle Indian School
Apache children four months later
CICERO © 2010

30. American Indian Citizenship Act
Before 1924, most Native Americans were not U.S. citizens.
Some gained citizenship by marriage, some by serving in the military, and others by special treaty, but most were not allowed the same right to citizenship as immigrants or freed slaves were. (14th Amendment?)
American Indian Citizenship Act: granted immediate citizenship to any Native American born in the United States, without having to give up their traditional ways.
Pres. Coolidge meeting with Native American leaders