1. Do Now Presented By Mr. Winchell

2. The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900
Mr. Winchell
APUSH Period 6

3. The West: Settlement of the Last Frontier
Post Civil War movement to the West – the “Great American Desert”
By 1900
Virtually no more frontier
All buffalo herds had been wiped out
10 new western states carved out
Native Americans even more displaced

4. The Mining Frontier California Gold Rush only beginning
Gold in Colorado, Nevada, South Dakota, Idaho, Montana, Arizona
1/3 miners = Chinese immigrants
Nativisits resented competition
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1862
Impact of mining
Vast increase in the supply of silver
Environmental scars
Native Americans

5. Chinese Exclusion
As the mines developed, mining companies employed experienced miners from Europe, Latin America and China.
In many mining towns, half the population was foreign-born.
About 1/3 of the western miners in the 1860’s were Chinese Immigrants.
Native-born Americans resented the competition.
In CA, hostility to foreigners took the form of a Miner’s Tax of $20 a month on all foreign-born miners, eventually forcing Congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, prohibiting further immigration to the US by Chinese laborers.

6. The Cattle Frontier Wild herds of 5 million cattle roaming Texas
Easy business to get into
The railroad industry as a catalyst
The Long Drive
Abrupt end to the drives
Arrival of homesteaders and use of barbed wire
Overgrazing
Blizzard of
Wealthy ranch owners take command

7. The Farming Frontier Joseph Glidden, 1874 Solutions
Homestead Act of 1862
Offered 160 acres of public land
For any family that settled on it for 5 years
Encouraged families to move west
Problems
Extreme weather
Plagues
Lonesome life
Drought
Lack of wood for fencing  barbed wire
Joseph Glidden, 1874
Solutions
-Human shifting of nature (leads to Dust Bowl)

8. Turners Frontier Thesis
1890 – U.S. Census Bureau declares the “end of the frontier”
Everything had been settled
“The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893)
1. promoted a habit of independence and individualism
Broke down class distinctions
Encouraged inventiveness and practicality
Wastefulness of natural resources

9. So…what’s next?

10. Removal of Native Americans
The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier
Removal of Native Americans
Reservationist Policy
President Andrew Jackson Removed Eastern Native Americans to Lands West of the Mississippi
Broken as Transcontinental Railroad was Planned, Wagons increased, and Reservations were Increasingly Assigned
Plains Tribes Refused to Cooperate
Indian Wars
Increased Migration of Miners, Cattlemen, and Homesteaders
Fighting Broke Out Between Indians and U.S. Troops
Sioux Wars
Sand Creek, CO
Little Big Horn
Treaties Made and Broken
Most of Buffalo Slaughtered

11. Removal of Native Americans
The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier
Removal of Native Americans
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Divided Tribal Lands into Plots of 160 Acres or Less per Family
25 Years or More Led to Citizenship
Best Land Sold
Disease and Poverty Ravaged Population
Ghost Dance
Final Effort to Drive Whites from Ancestral Lands
U.S. Govt Suppressed Movement
Wounded Knee
Sitting Bull
Assimilationists
Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor
Emphasized Education, Training and Conversion to Chritianity
Carlisle School

12. Removal of Native Americans
The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier
Removal of Native Americans
U.S. Policy in 20th Century
1924- Grated U.S. Citizenship to All Native Americans
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
Promoted Reestablishment of Tribal Organization and Culture

13. The New South
South was continuing to recover from the devastating Civil War
Some had the vision of a self-sufficient Southern economy
Henry Grady, a newspaper writer began to write articles for economic diversity, and laissez-faire capitalism

14. The New South: Economic Progress
Economic improvement
Birmingham, Alabama: Steel
Memphis, Tennessee: Lumber
Richmond, Virginia: Tobacco
Railroads
Tremendous postwar growth from in terms of population, industry, and railroads

15. The New South: Continued Poverty
BUT…still primarily agricultural
Controlled by the North economically
2 chief factors not related to northern capitalists
South’s late start at industrialization
Poorly educated workforce

16. The New South: Agriculture
Between 1870 and 1900 – acres planted in cotton more than doubled
BUT…increase in cotton supply means decease in cotton prices
By 1900, ½ of white farmers + ¾ of black famers become tenants/sharecroppers
Tied to debt
Formation of the Farmers Southern Alliance

17. The New South: Segregation
End of reconstruction = end of protection for freedman
Discrimination and the Supreme Court
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens
Plessy v. Ferguson
“separate but equal accommodations”

18. The New South: Loss of Civil Rights
Political and Legal devises
Literacy Tests
Poll Taxes
Political party nominations for whites only
Grandfather clause
Economic discrimination

19. Responding to Segregation: Booker T. Washington

20. Responding to Segregation: W.E. Du Bois

22. Farm Problems: North, South, and West

23. Changes in Agriculture
Increasingly commercialized and specialized
Falling Prices
Increased production + global competition
Static money supply
Debt and foreclosure
Rising Costs
Farmers victimized
Corporations and monopolistic trusts
Unfair taxes
Railroad monopolies

24. Rising costs Monopolistic corporations kept prices high
Middlemen took profit before selling to farmers
Railroads, warehouses, and elevators charges high rates for transportation and storage
Heavy taxes on property and land, but did not tax income from stocks and bonds
Unfair tariffs

25. Price Indexes for Consumer & Farm Products: 1865-1913

26. Fighting Back National Grange Movement 1868, Oliver H. Kelley
Primarily as social + educational organization for farmers
By 1870, take political action
By 1873, Granges in almost every state
Established cooperatives
Granger Laws

27. Interstate Commerce Act (1886)
Required railroads rates to be reasonable and just
Set up Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices

28. Farmer’s Alliance Begun in the late 1880s
Built upon the ashes of the Grange
More political and less social than the Grange
Ran candidates for office
Controlled 8 state legislatures and had representatives in Congress during the 1890s