1. ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants Spring crocus Crocus vernus
© P. Billiet
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

2. Flower structure Flowers are reproductive structures
Adapted to send and receive pollen from one flower to another of the same species
pollination
Flowers = a series of modified leaves
These leaves are arranged in rings (whorls).
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

3. Types of pollination Wind Animal Water
Bumble bee Bombus hortorum on red clover Trifolium pratense
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Yorkshire fog grass Holcus lanatus
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© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

4. Animal pollination Usually insects
Also other flying animals e.g. hummingbirds or fruit bats.
Cerambycid beetle pollinating bramble Rubus fruticosus
© P. Billiet
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

5. Flower structure Dog rose Rosa canina © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
© P. Billiet
© P. Billiet
© P. Billiet
Dog rose Rosa canina
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

6. Flower structure Stigma Style Ovary Petal Anther Sepal Filament
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

7. Pollination Pollen grains contain the male gametes
Yellow archangel Lamiastrum galobdolon being pollinated by a bumble bee Bombus hortorum
© P. Billiet
Pollination
Pollen grains contain the male gametes
Picked up by a pollinator and transferred to another flower
Plants tend to specialise in pollinators
This ensures the pollen is delivered to same species of plant
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

8. Pollination
Small skipper Thymelicus flavus on marsh thistle Cirsium palustris
© P. Billiet
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

9. Pollination
The honey bee Apis melifera on marsh thistle Cirsium palustris
© P. Billiet
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

10. Pollination
Some flowers are highly specialised to encourage only one type of insect
Fox glove flowers Digitalis purpurea
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© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

11. Pollination Most flowering plants are hermaphroditic
self pollination possible
cross pollination preferred.
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

12. Fertilisation Pollen grain Stigma Style Ovule Embryo sac Ovary
Pollen tube
Ovary
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

13. Fertilisation Pollination ≠ Fertilisation
The male gamete (the male nucleus) has to get to the egg cell
The egg cell lies in an ovule in an ovary at the centre of the flower
The pollen grain germinates on the stigma
It grows a pollen tube down the style
Male nuclei travel down the pollen tube to the ovule.
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

14. Fertilisation Embryo sac Polar nuclei Egg cell Micropyle
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

15. Fertilisation Pollen grains of the daisy Bellis perennis
© P. Billiet
© P. Billiet
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

16. Fertilisation
Germinating pollen grains of blue bell, Hyacinthoides non-scripta
© P. Billiet
© P. Billiet
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

17. From flower to fruit Marsh marigold Caltha palustris
© P. Billiet
© P. Billiet
© P. Billiet
Marsh marigold Caltha palustris
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

18. Fruits and seed dispersal
Animal dispersal Strawberry Fragaria vesca
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Explosive dispersal
Bird’s foot trefoil
Lotus corniculatus
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Animal dispersal
Wood avens
Geum urbanum
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Wind dispersal
Ragwort Senecio
© P. Billiet
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS