1. The Progressive Era
Unit 3 Chapter 9

2. The Origins of Progressivism 9.1
4 goals of Progressivism
protecting social welfare
promoting moral improvement
creating economic reform
fostering efficiency

3. Protecting Social Welfare
Improve Society
Social welfare reformers
Help people through community centers, churches, social services
YMCA
Florence Kelley – advocate for improving the lives of women and children
Illinois Factory Act – prohibited child labor and limited women’s working hours

4. Promoting Moral Improvement
Prohibition – many women thought this is an area of society in which they could make a difference
Anti-Saloon league
Women’s suffrage
Kindergarten for Immigrant children

5. Creating Economic Reform
Eugene V. Debs
Labor leader
Socialist Party 1901
Muckrakers
Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business
Exposed the dangers and corruption of industrial life

6. Fostering Efficiency
Scientific management reformers worked to improve efficiency and productivity, while other reformers aimed at improving behavior or addressing economic inequality
Social Scientists
Fredrick William Taylor – time and motion studies to improve efficiency
Taylorism – Scientific management
Henry Ford used his theories to make his factories more efficient and prevent strikes
Higher pay $5.00 a day
8 hour work day

7. Reforming Local Government
The commission system and council-manager system were introduced; some reform mayors made citizens more active in managing cities

8. Reforming at State Level
Reformers wanted to end child labor
Efforts made to limit working hours
Muller v. Oregon – limiting women’s working hours to 10
Bunting v. Oregon – limited men to 10 hours per working day
Reforming Elections
Initiative – bill organized by the people
Referendum – vote on the initiative
Recall – voters can remove public officials

9. Main Idea The Origins of Progressivism (pages 306 312)
1. What were the four goals that various progressive reform movements struggled to achieve?
2. What kind of state labor laws resulted from progressives’ lobbying to protect workers?
3. How did government change during the Progressive Era? How were these changes important?

10. Women in Public Life 9.2Women in the work force
Before the Civil War – middle and upper class women worked from home
Farm Women
Household tasks (cooking, cleaning, taking care of children)
Raise livestock and work in the fields
Industry
1 in 5 women worked outside their homes; 25% in manufacturing
New opportunities in offices, stores and classrooms
Women high school graduates
College / trade schools preparing book keepers and stenographers and typists
Domestic Workers (almost 2 million African American women) and unmarried immigrant women)
Cleaning
Cooks
Laundresses
Scrub women
Maids

11. Women Lead Reform
Reasons for reform: Dangerous working conditions, low wages, and long hours
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
Women in Higher Education
Women’s college
NACW (National Association of Colored Women) 1896
Susan B. Anthony
Suffrage
NAWSA (National American Women Suffrage Association)

12. 3 part Strategy for Suffrage
Convince State legislatures to grant women the right to vote
Peruse court cases to test the 14th amendment (weren’t women citizens also?)
National constitutional amendment to allow all women the right to vote (19th amendment)

13. Main Idea Women in Public Life (pages 313 316)
4. In the late 1890s, what job opportunities were avail-able to uneducated women without industrial skills?
5. Give two examples of national women’s organizations committed to social activism. Briefly describe their progressive missions.

14. Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal 9.3
Upton Sinclair “The Jungle” published in 1906
Meatpacking industry
Theodore Roosevelt wanted to eradicate the unsanitary conditions described in Sinclair's fictional novel

15. Rough Riding President
Grew up with asthma but drove himself to be athletic
Marksmanship
Horseback riding
Boxer
Wrestled
served there terms in the New York State Assembly, became NYC’s police commissioner
Rough Rider in US Calvary (war hero)
Governor of NY
Originally vice President until McKinley was assassinated and became President
Created “Square Deal” used to describe various progressive reforms

16. Using Federal Power
Trust Busting – the president did not believe all trusts were bad, but if they hurt public interest.
Used the Sherman Anti Trust act to file 44 antitrust suits with the Justice Department (did little to slow the merger movement in business)
1902 Coal Strike – President (federal government) got involved in the strike when it threatened the public welfare.

17. Railroad regulation
In 1887, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) had been set up to regulate the railroad industry. It had not been effective. Roosevelt pushed through laws such as the Hepburn Act of 1906, which strictly limited the distribution of free railroad passes, a common form of bribery. Roosevelt’s efforts resulted in fairer shipping rates and less corruption in the railroad industry.

18. Health and the Environment
Meat Inspection Act – used until it was replaced in the 1990’s by more sophisticated techniques
Pure Food and Drug Act – which halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling
Conservation and Natural Resources and Conservation Measures
Resources were depleted
John Muir – naturalist and writer
National Reclamation Act 1902 (funded large scale irrigation projects)
Protecting water supply in the western US

19. Roosevelt and Civil Rights
Failed to support civil rights as a whole for African Americans
Appointed head of custom house
Closed a mail station when citizens of Mississippi refused to accept the African American postmistress he had appointed
Invited Booker T Washington the white house (who accepted segregation)
W.E.B Du Bois advocated for equality and disagreed with Washington
NAACP
Niagara Movement – compromised of 29 black intellectuals, who met secretly in 1905 to compose a civil rights manifesto

20. Main Idea Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal (pages 317 325)
6. What scandalous practices did Upton Sinclair expose in his novel The Jungle? How did the American public, Roosevelt, and Congress respond?
7. How did Roosevelt earn his reputation as a trust-buster?

21. Progressivism Under Taft 9.4

22. Taft Becomes President

23. The Republican Party Splits

24. Democrats Win in 1912

25. Main Idea Progressivism Under Taft (pages 328 331)
8. As a progressive, how did Taft compare with Roosevelt?
9. Why did the Republican Party split during Taft’s administration?

26. Wilson’s New Freedom 9.5

27. Wilson wins Financial Reforms

28. Women win Suffrage

29. The Limits of Progressivism

30. Main Idea Wilson’s New Freedom (pages 332 337)
10. How did the Clayton Antitrust Act bene t labor?
11. Cite two examples of social welfare legislation that Wilson opposed during his presidency and the arguments he used to defend his position.