1. Bell Ringer What is the purpose of the skin?
How many layers are there in the skin?
Crash Course Video Question
What is the acronym used for the 5 layers of the epidermis?

2. The Integumentary System
A&P Fall 2016

3. I. Epithelial Membranes
Cutaneous Membrane
A.K.A. The Skin
Composed of stratified squamous epithelium

4. B. Mucous Membranes
Lines open body cavities
a. “Open” means to the outside of the body
b. ex. respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive organs
2. Composed of various epithelium

5. b. Serous fluid fills the space between layers
C. Serous Membranes
1. Lines closed body cavities
2. Composed of simple squamous epithelium
a. Membrane folds over to form two layers
Parietal layer- lines the body cavity
Visceral layer- covers the organs
b. Serous fluid fills the space between layers

6. II. Functions of the Integumentary System
Protection
Insulates and cushions organs
Protection from many types of damage
Mechanical
Chemical
Thermal UV
Bacteria

7. B. Water Control 1. Skin is full of Keratin and is hardened a
B. Water Control 1. Skin is full of Keratin and is hardened a. prevents water loss from body surface C. Temperature control 1. Skin is rich with capillary networks and sweat glands a. helps regulate heat loss from body surface

8. Bell Ringer What type of membrane covers closed body cavities?
What fills the space between the parietal and visceral layers?
How many layers of the skin are there?

9. III. Structure of the Skin
Epidermis
1. Composed of 5 Stratum layers
a. Corneum
b. Lucidum (thick skin only)
c. Granulosum
d. Spinosum
e. Basale

11. 2. Most cells are Keratinocytes a. Produce Keratin i. fibrous protein b. cells become keratinized and die as they move up through the layers

12. 3. Melanocytes are also present a. found mostly in the basale layer b
3. Melanocytes are also present a. found mostly in the basale layer b. produce a pigment called melanin i. gives skin its color ii. Sun exposure causes more melanin production iii. Protects the DNA in cells from UV damage

13. 4. Dendritic cells are scattered throughout a
4. Dendritic cells are scattered throughout a. Alert and activate the immune system

15. Bell Ringer 1. Which layer of the epidermis is NOT found in thin skin?
2. What type of cells activate the immune system?
3. What type of membrane covers closed body cavities?
4. What fills the space between the parietal and visceral layers?
5. What types of damage does our skin protect us from?

16. B. Dermis 1. Composed of 2 regions of dense connective tissue a
B. Dermis 1. Composed of 2 regions of dense connective tissue a. collagen fibers i. give skin its toughness ii. Keep skin hydrated b. elastic fibers i. give skin its elasticity c. nerve receptors

18. 2. Papillary layer
a. peglike projections called papillae
b. contain blood capillaries
i. provides nourishment for the epidermis
c. cause ridged patterns on the epithelial surface (fingerprints)

19. 3. Reticular layer
a. many components
i. blood vessels
ii. Sweat and oil glands
iii. Lamellar corpuscles (pressure receptors)
b. Phagocytic cells kill bacteria

21. IV. Skin Color 3 pigments contribute Melanin
Depends on amount and type in the epidermis
Three types
Yellow
Reddish brown
black

22. 2. Carotene
a. Can be deposited in the stratum corneum
b. Orange-yellow pigment
i. Found in carrots
3. Oxygen-rich hemoglobin
1. Pigment in red blood cells
2. Found in the dermal blood vessels

23. Emotions can also have an influence Erythema
a. Reddened skin
b. blushing
Blanching
a. Becoming pale
b. Emotional stress

24. 3. Jaundice
a. Yellow skin
b. Liver disorder
4. Bruises
a. Black and blue marks
i. Called hemotomas
b. Clotted blood in tissues

25. Bell Ringer What part of the dermis produces fingerprints?
Name 2 things that can change skin color (other than pigments)

26. V. Appendages of the Skin
Cutaneous Glands
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
Found everywhere except palms and soles
Usually empty into a hair follicle
Keeps the skin soft and moist
Contains a chemical that kills bacteria

27. 2. Sweat Glands (Two types) a. Eccrine Glands i. found all over body ii. Sweat secreted through pores iii. Helps regulate body temperature b. Apocrine Glands i. found mostly in the axillary and gential areas ii. Sweat secreted into hair follicles iii. Precise function not yet known

29. B Hair and Hair Follicles 1. Hairs a. A flexible epithelial structure b. produced by a hair follicle i. the part enclosed by the follicle is the root ii. Part projecting from the skin is the shaft c. 3 parts i. Medulla- central core ii. Cortex- bulky surrounding layer iii. Cuticle- outermost layer

30. Bell Ringer
1. What are the two types of sweat glands? 2. Which one is only found in the axillary and genital areas? 3. What are the 3 parts of hair?

32. 2. Hair Follices a. Two parts i. Epithelial Root Sheath (inner) ii
2. Hair Follices a. Two parts i. Epithelial Root Sheath (inner) ii. Fibrous Sheath (outer); composed of dermal connective tissue

33. C. Nails a. Scalelike modification of the epidermis b. 3 parts i
C. Nails a. Scalelike modification of the epidermis b. 3 parts i. free edge ii. Body iii. Root c. Made mostly of nonliving materials

35. VI. Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
A. Burns
1. First Degree Burns
a. Epidermis damaged
b. Area becomes red and swollen
i. ex. Sun burn

36. 2. Second Degree Burns
a. Epidermis and upper dermis damaged
b. blisters appear

37. 3. Third Degree Burns
a. Epidermis and dermis completely destroyed
b. area is blanched or charred
c. skin grafting required

38. B. Infections and Allergies 1. Athlete’s foot a
B. Infections and Allergies 1. Athlete’s foot a. itchy, red, peeling skin between toes b. caused by fungus infection

39. 2. Boils and Carbuncles
a. inflammation of hair follicles & oil glands
b. carbuncles caused by bacterial infection
i. typically staphylococcus

40. 3. Cold Sores a. small fluid filled blisters i
3. Cold Sores a. small fluid filled blisters i. usually around the lips and inside the mouth b. caused by Herpes Simplex virus

41. 4. Contact Dermatitis
a. itching, red, swollen skin forms blisters
b. allergic reaction to chemicals
i. ex. Poison Ivy/Oak

42. 5. Impetigo a. pink, water-filled, raised lesions around the mouth and nose i. develop yellow crust and rupture b. caused by highly contagious staphylococcus c. common in elementary aged kids

43. 6. Psoriasis
a. red lesions covered with dry scales
i. itch, burn, crack and bleed
b. caused by overproduction of skin cells
i. possibly an autoimmune disorder

44. C. Skin Cancer 1. Basal Cell Carcinoma a. most common b
C. Skin Cancer 1. Basal Cell Carcinoma a. most common b. stratum basale cells don’t produce keratin and invade dermis c. usually cured with surgical removal

45. 2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
a. occur in stratum spinosum
b. grows rapidly
c. can be cured with surgical removal or radiation therapy

46. 3. Malignant Melanoma
a. cancer of melanocytes
b. rare but deadly
c. sunbathers should follow ABCD rule
i. Asymmetry- two sides of colored spot do not match
ii. Border irregularity- borders are not smooth
iii. Color- spot contains different colors
iv. Diameter- larger than 6 mm in diameter
(pencil eraser)