1. Experimental Psychology PSY 433
Chapter 10 (Cont.)
Memory

2. Lexical Decision Results

3. ANOVA Results

4. APA Format ANOVA Table Sum of Squares df Mean Square F sig Related
.253 1
4.457
.048
Error (Related
1.135 20
.057
Word
.006
.186
.671
Error (Word)
.610
.030
Related*Word
.007
.392
.538
Error (Related*Word)
.379
.019

5. Describing Results in Text
Response times for related words and non-words were significantly faster than for non-related words and non-words, F(1,20)=4.457, p=.048.
There were no significant differences between response times for words and non-words and no significant interaction between relatedness and type of pair (words vs non-words).
Put interpretation in the Discussion section.

6. Levels of Processing Theory
Memory is determined by thinking, which can be shallow or deep.
Three “levels” tested:
Physical – caps or lower case letters?
Phonological – rhymes with sad?
Semantic – describes mom?
Deep thinking leaves strongest memory trace.

7. Example Which words are in caps vs. which words describe mom?
MILD, foamy, TALENTED, hairy, CIRCULAR, winged, TALL, minty, SWEET, wily, tubular, WONDERFUL, WILD, stuporous, FILMY, STRANGE, normal.
Tested by free listing as many words as can be remembered.

8. L.O.P. Applied
Reading involves deep processing because you must understand the meanings of words
Studying involves deeper processing, because in addition to reading, you must form semantic associations between new information and current knowledge, updating and reorganizing current knowledge, and creating new relationships in semantic memory.

9. Craik and Tulving (1975) Classic levels of processing experiment
DV: recognition % of 60 old & 120 new words
Within-subject IV: studied words graphemically (cat or CAT), phonemically (cat rhyme with sat?), semantically (cat an animal?).

11. How Generalizable are Results?
Internal validity – how well designed is the study?
External validity – are the results true in the world?
Jenkins (1979) suggests a tetrahedral (four point) model of thinking about external validity of memory study results
Four general ways of thinking about how experimental results of any study may generalize.

13. Who are the subjects?
What kind of task was presented – in what kind of setting or context?
What kinds of tests or measures were used as a DV?
What materials were used?