1. Designing Digital Libraries, Museums, Archives
Howard Besser
NYU Archiving and Preservation Program and Library Senior Scientist

2. Designing Digital Libraries, Museums, Archives-
Models for Digital Repositories
Importance of Metadata Standards & Philosophies
Introduction
Discovery Metadata: The Dublin Core
Administrative & Structural Metadata; Digital Object Standards (METS)
Fitting METS in--Content Management
Content Format Standards (Images)
Longevity & Preservation Repositories
Other Elements
Actors Metadata
Preserving Electronic Art...

3. Columbia Library

4. Using Online Catalog for…

5. Library Workstations for…

6. Models for Digital Repositories

7. From Digital Collections to Digital Libraries, Museums, and Archives
No longer merely experiments
Adhere to our fields’ traditions (access, interoperability, sustainable, privacy, …)
Provide services

8. To respond to our needs for both Service & Traditions, we face the challenges of:
Access (discovery)
Sustainability (longevity)-
Interoperability-

9. Serious Longevity Problems
What we know from prior widespread digital file formats
Images separating from their metadata
Inaccessibility of software needed to view an image
Inability to even decode the file format of an image

10. Traditional Digital Repository ModelDL DL DL DL
search & presentation
search & presentation
search & presentation
search & presentation
user
user

11. Ideal Digital Repository ModelDL DL DL DL
search & presentation
user
user

12. Importance of Metadata Standards & Philosophies

13. For Interoperability, Repositories Need Standards (as well as Sustainability & Access)
Descriptive Metadata for consistent description
Discovery Metadata for finding
Administrative Metadata for viewing and maintaining
Structural Metadata for navigation
... Terms & Conditions Metadata for controlling access...

14. Why are Standards and Metadata consensus important?
Managing digital files over time
Longevity
Interoperability
Veracity
Recording in a consistent manner
Will give vendors incentive to create applications that support this

15. Philosophical Metadata Decisions-
Warwick vs MARC
Where to put the metadata

16. Containers and Packages of Metadata Warwick, not MARC
modular
overlapping
extensible
community-based
designed for a networked world to aid commonality btwn communities while still providing full functionality within each community

17. Some different schemes where Metdata is kept
embedded within the object (TIFF headers)
encapsulated with image (MOA2/METS)
in a separate related DB maintained by same organization (OPAC)
in a separate DB maintained by a separate organization (Books in Print, ratings systems)

18. Discovery Metadata
Dublin Core - NISO Z39.85 (3/95)-
CBIR (ongoing)

19. Dublin Core--further work
Warwick Framework
metadata packages for extensible functions
layed groundwork for RDF
Canberra Qualifiers
refining the semantics of the element set to provide more precise info
SUBELEMENT, SCHEME, LANG
Granularity
no hierarchical relationships w/i a given DC record; only one record per discrete object (collection or item-level), and relationship field plus qualifier links them

20. The Research Process and Functional Categories of Metadata
Discovery
Retrieval
Collation
Analysis
Re-presentation

21. Metadata Mapping Crosswalks Resource Description Framework (RDF)
Open Archives & metadata harvesting

22. Crosswalks mapping btwn differing metadata structures
eliminate the need for monolithic, universally adopted standards
focus on flexibility and interoperatiblity
RDF-based metadata registries

23. Crosswalk Example

24. Resource Description Framework (RDF, spec released 2/99)
W3C Metadata activity
designed to move the Web beyond simple links to semantically-rich relationships btwn resources
metadata application using XML as a common syntax for exchange and processing
flexible architecture for managing diverse application-specific metadata packets that can be processed by machines
associates resources, property types, and corresponding values

25. RDF Resources (character strings, names, digital objects)
Property (“is the author of”)
Value
resources+properties=relationships
many different relationships can be reflected

26. XML-encoded RDF
<?xml:namespace ns= prefix="RDF" ?>
<?xml:namespace ns= prefix="DC" ?>
<RDF:RDF>
<DC:Creator>Howard Besser</DC:Creator>
</RDF:Description>
</RDF:RDF>

27. Open Archives & metadata harvesting

28. Standardized Digital Objects
METS
Metadata Encoding & Transfer Syntax
(slides courtesy of Bernie Hurley, UCB Library Chief Scientist)

29. Structural & Administrative Metadata
Not enough to merely capture still images (book example)
Must capture Behaviors

30. What is a “Digital Object?”
Combined Digital Content & Metadata
Digital Content
Digitized materials -- photographs, page images from a book, maps, digitized audio or video…
Born Digital – GIS maps, digitally captured audio or video, numeric datasets (census files, scientific dataset), Web sites…
Metadata
Descriptive
Administrative
Structural
Behavior 21

31. What is METS?
An XML Schema that is used to Encode all the Content and Metadata for a Digital Object
The relationships between content and metadata are also captured
METS Object -- METS Document
A METS Document can be
A single file with all content & metadata
A “hub document” that points to content and metadata
A combination of the above

32. Uses of METS Transfer Syntax Functional Syntax Archiving Syntax
Standard for transmitting/ exchanging digital objects.
SIP (Open Archival Information Systems Reference Model)
Functional Syntax
basis for providing end users with the ability to view and navigate digital content and its associated metadata
DIP
Archiving Syntax
standard for archiving digital objects.
AIP

33. Why Is METS Important? Interoperability Scalability Preservation
Share objects between digital library systems
Allow a DL to work with objects from other repositories
Scalability
Same software can be used to index, navigate and display different content types
E.g., book, diary, scrapbook, music score, etc.
Preservation
Aids Migration Strategies

34. History of METS Originates in Making of America II Initiative
Making of America II (MOA2) was a NEH funded Digital Library Federation initiative started in Participants included UC Berkeley (lead), Stanford, Penn State, Cornell, and NYPL.
GOAL: to create a digital object standard for encoding structural, descriptive and administrative metadata along with primary content
RESULT: MOA2.DTD (an XML DTD)
Adopted by UC Libraries

35. History of METS (cont’d)
Concerned Parties Meet at NYU in February, 2001 to Discuss Future of MOA2
Additional needs emerge
Support for time-based content
More flexibility in Descriptive and Administrative metadata
Outcome
MOA2 revised & renamed to METS
Outcome: mets.xsd is endorsed by DLF
METS Governance Structure
Editorial Board, Jerry McDonough is Chair
RLG coordinates editorial board activities
Library of Congress is the Maintenance Agency for METS

36. A Partial List of Organizations that Plan to Use METS
California Digital Library
UC Berkeley
Library of Congress (A/V project)
Harvard
NYU
Stanford
MIT
MetaE (Metadata Engine Project: R&D project funded by the European Commission)
British Library

37. Display of METS Objects

41. How Does METS Work? METS uses XML to
1) Identify the digital pieces (files) that together comprise a digital object
Scrapbook: Digitized pages, photographs, newspaper clippings, digital audio, etc.
2) Specify the location of these pieces
Are we pointing to these files?
Are they embedded in the METS document?
A combination of the above?

42. Express structural relationships between:
[Think of the “structure” as a “Table of Contents”]
Content files
Links the proper content files to the TOC entry for the scrapbook’s cover, page1, page2, the photo on page20, the DVD on page 50, etc.
Descriptive Metadata (DM)
Links the proper DM entries to the TOC, so you can have separate DM entries for the scrapbook, photos, audio DVDs…
Administrative Metadata (AM)
Links AM entries to the TOC or to files (e.g., links rights MD to a photo, Tech. MD to a group of files)
Behaviors
Links the proper behaviors to TOC entries (e.g., links program to run the audio to the DVD TOC entry)

43. Anatomy of METS METS METS Header Descriptive Metadata Admin. Metadata
(Optional)
Descriptive
Metadata
(Optional)
Admin.
Metadata
(Optional)
File
Inventory
(Optional,
but typical)
Structural
Map
(Required)
Behavior
Metadata
(Optional)

44. 1. METS Header
Records Administrative Metadata about the METS Document itself, such as
Author/agent & agent role
E.G., UC Berkeley Library as custodian
Alternate identifiers for METS document
Creation and update dates and times
Status

45. 2. Structural Map Section(s)
Specifies the Structure of the Digital Object as a Hierarchy of Division (div) Elements
Division (type=“scrapbook”)
Division (type=“page”)
Division (type=“photo”)
Division (type=“digital audio file”)
Division (type=“letter”)
Division (type=“newspaper clipping”)

46. 3. File Section
Records all of the Files that Together Comprise the Content of the Digital Object
Files may be internal or external to the METS document (or both)
Files are organized into File Groups based on format (tiff, hi-res jpeg, med-res jpeg, gif, etc)
Files are linked to the Structural Map

47. 3. File Section (cont.) Scrapbook Example (a complex object)
100 Digitized pages with text entries
Three images per page (GIF, JPEG, TIFF)
Transcribed text for each page
Photos and newspaper clippings attached to the pages
Envelopes glued to the pages that hold
Letters & cards
DVDs

48. 4. Descriptive Metadata Section(s)
METS can Record all of the Units of Descriptive Metadata Pertaining to the Digital Object
Multiple Descriptive Metadata Sections can Exist in a METS Document
Descriptive Metadata
could take any form
E.g., a MARC or Dublin Core record, Finding Aid
May be
Internal or external to the METS document (or both)

49. 5. Administrative Metadata Section(s)
4 Flavors of Admin. Metadata Per Section
Technical metadata
Source Metadata
Rights Metadata
Digital Provenance Metadata
Admin. Metadata may be
Internal or external to the METS document (or both)
Linked to files or file groups, or the structural map

50. 6. Behavior Section
Behavior Sections Identity Software that can be used with the Digital Object, or its Parts
E.g., Software to View the Complex Digital Object which is the Scrapbook; Software to listen to the DVD
A Behavior Unit May Contain:
A reference to an external interface definition that defines a set of related behaviors
A reference to an external executable that implements these behaviors
A reference to the Division or Divisions of the object structure to which the behaviors apply.

51. Some Characteristics of the New Information Environment
Increased Quantity of Information
With the Web, everyone can become a publisher
Varying level of quality
Digital Libraries Need to Work With New Classes of Information
Web Pages, Museum Artifacts, GIS, Statistical Information, etc. 10

52. Characteristics of the New Information Environment (Cont.)
Information is Decentralized
Distributed repositories
Information is in Proprietary Formats
Everyone has their own method of creating a digital book, journal, manuscript, Etc.
How Do We Cope????

53. Defining Digital Libraries in the NIE
A Series of Collaborating Services & Systems that Allow for the Discovery, Display, Maintenance and Preservation of Complex Digital Objects
The Traditional ILS
Created to manage physical materials
Almost all metadata is descriptive (e.g., MARC)
Digital Libraries
Created to manage complex digital objects
New types of metadata (administrative, structural, etc.)
New Services (content management, digital preservation)

54. Complex Digital Objects
Scrapbook Example
Digitized pages with text entries
Photos and newspaper clippings attached to the pages
Envelopes glued to the pages that hold
Letters & cards
DVDs
The Scrapbook has
Multiple material types (text, image, audio)
Structure (e.g., like a table of contents)
Internal Relationships
The DVD on page 5 is linked to the file that is the DVD content and to its descriptive metadata

55. “A Series of Collaborating Services”
Content Management Systems (CMS)
Create & maintain complex digital objects
Preservation Repositories
Long-term retention of digital objects
Access Systems & Integration
Global Access Portals
Subject Access Portals
Material Type Portals

56. How Can These Systems Collaborate?
Via “Standardized Digital Objects”
A means to “wrap-up” a digital object and send it to another system or repository
Same idea as MARC, but for entire digital objects
E.g., A CMS sending a digital object to a Preservation Repository
The METS Digital Object Standard
Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard

57. Illustrative Digital Library Services Diagram
Global Access Portal
Material Type
Portal
[books]
Material Type
Portal
[images]
Material Type
Portal
[fossils]
METS
Content
Management
METS
Content
Management
Preservation
Repository
Preservation
Repository
METS

58. Content Management Systems

59. Content Management Systems
Used to…
Create and edit digital objects
Import & export digital objects
Manage objects (acquire, inventory, validate)
Content Management Systems will Vary Depending on the Materials they Support
Metadata schemes will vary
Descriptive Metadata
MARC/MODS/Dublin Core for Books
Code books for numeric datasets
Administrative Metadata
Images, audio, test, etc.

60. Content Format Standards (Images)

61. Images- Content Format & Best Practices Identification/Provenance
Technical Imaging metadata
Special discovery & descriptive metadata

62. Best practices Use/Users/Collection: Benchmarking
Masters vs. Derivatives
Scanning-
Administrative Metadata-
Structural Metadata-

63. Scanning Best Practices
Think about users (and potential users), uses, and type of material/collection
Scan at the highest quality that does not exceed the likely potential users/uses/material
Do not let today’s delivery limitations influence your scanning file sizes; understand the difference between digital masters and derivative files used for delivery
Many documents which appear to be bitonal actually are better represented with greyscale scans
Include color bar and ruler in the scan
Use objective measurements to determine scanner settings (do NOT attempt to make the image good on your particular monitor or use image processing to color correct)
Don’t use lossy compression
Store in a common (standardized) file format
Capture as much metadata as is reasonably possiple (including metadata about the scanning process itself)

64. Why Scale is important

65. Identification/Provenance (Images)-
The number of variant forms of a work can be enormous
Image Families
A digital image frequently has many layers of parentage
Information about the parentage that can indicate the quality and veracity of the image (Dublin Core "Source" and "Relation")
how to deal with different versions derived from the same scan or different encoding schemes
Vocabulary Standards to express this

66. The number of variant forms of a work can be enormous
different views of the same object
different scans of the same photo
different resolutions
different compression schemes
different compression ratios
different file storage formats
different details of the same image
...

67. Image Families

68. Identification/Provenance
how to deal with different versions (browse, hi-res, medium res) derived from the same scan or different encoding schemes (TIFF, PICT, JFIF)
Vocabulary Standards to express this
VRA Surrogate Categories
CIMI's "Image Elements”

69. Incorporate parts of Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
work
expression
manifestion
item
(and push into “change history” section of Technical Image Metadata)

70. NISO/DLF Technical Image Metadata Workshop--4/99 (Z39.87-2002 draft)
create metadata needed to manage images in digital repositories over long periods of time (full life-cycle mgmt)
document image provenance & history
ensure that the images will be rendered accurately on any output device

71. Technical Image Metadata Focus on Metadata that may prove helpful for
management
use
preservation
...

72. Technical Image Metadata In Scope
still, bit-mapped pictorial images
scanned/reformatted images (+ born digital)

73. Technical Image Metadata Out of Scope
vector images
moving images
images of OCR-able text
structural and hierarchical relationships between images
rights management, terms of use
(authenticity/security)

74. Technical Image Metadata Technical Image Metadata-Z39.87
Image parameters (MIME type, compression, colorspace & profile, …)
Image Creation (source, capture info, etc.)
Image performance assessment (sampling, colormap, whitepoint, target data, etc.)
Change history (source, processing, etc.)

75. Technical Image Metadata Technical Image Metadata-Z39.87
additional XML implementation schema (MIX)

76. Other Metadata
Description of depiction/surrogate (What VRA calls its "Surrogate Categories")
Description of original object
Rights and Reproduction Information
Location Information
VRA Core, LCSH, TGM, AAT, ULAN, TGN, DOI, <indecs>, ...

77. Longevity & Preservation Repositories

78. Digital Preservation-
The Problem
Preservation Repositories
Preservation Metadata
Other Digital Preservation Activities
Special concerns of Cult Heritage community

79. Serious Longevity Problems
What we know from prior widespread digital file formats
Previous formats required little ongoing intervention (remote storage facilities, Iron Mtn); digital formats require intense ongoing management
The Short Life of Digital Info-

80. The Short Life of Digital Info: Digital Longevity Problems
Disappearing Information
The Viewing Problem
The Scrambling Problem
The Inter-relation Problem
The Custodial Problem
The Translation Problem

81. The Viewing Problem
Digital Info requires a whole infrastructure to view it
Each piece of that infrastructure is changing at an incredibly rapid rate
How can we ever hope to deal with all the permutations and combinations

82. The Scrambling Problem Dangers from:
Compression to ease storage & delivery
Container Architecture to enhance digital commerce

83. The Inter-relation Problem
-Info is increasingly inter-related to other info
-How do we make our own Info persist when it points to and integrates with Info owned by others?
-What is the boundary of a set of information (or even of a digital object)?

84. The Custodial Problem
In the past, much of survival was due to redundancy
How do we decide what to save?
Who should save it?
Mellon-funded E-Journal Archives
How should they save it?-

85. The Custodial Problem: How to save information?
Methods for later access
Refreshing
Migration
Emulation
Issues of authenticity and evidence

86. The Translation Problem
Content translated into new delivery devices changes meaning
-A photo vs. a painting
-If Info is produced originally in digital form in one encoded format, will it be the same when translated into another format?
Behaviors

87. Older Longevity Projects http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Longevity/
CPA Task Force
Getty “Time & Bits” Conference & Follow-ups-
Preservation experiments in US and Europe
NEDLIB, CURL, Michigan
Internet Archive
Long Now

88. Preservation Repositories: Projects based on OAIS Model
CEDARS
NEDLIB
Pandora
CDL
OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata, Attributes of a Trusted Digital Repository, August 2001-

89. Preservation Metadata
OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata, Preservation Metadata for Digital Objects: A Review of the State of the Art, January
OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata, A Recommendation for Content Information, October 2001

90. Preservation Repositories: Open Archival Info System Model
OAIS Repository
(Repository Administration)
DIP
Consumer
SIP
Producer
AIP
Management

91. Preservation Repositories: Open Archival Info System Model
High-level reference model describing submission, organization and management, and continuing access
Conceptual framework for different organizations to share discussions with a common language
Producers, consumers, management, actual repository
SIP, DIP, AIP
AIP consists of data objects plus representation info (Content, Preservation Description, Packaging, Descriptive)
Originally developed for Space Science community

92. Preservation Repositories -- AIP Metadata
Preservation Description Info
reference info
context info
provenance info
fixity info
Packaging Info
Descriptive Info
Content Info

93. OCLC/RLG Digital Repository Attributes
Administrative responsibility
Organizational viability
Financial sustainability
Technological suitability
System security
Procedural accountability

94. OCLC/RLG Selected Recommendations
Policies, Certification processes, Risk management, Persistent ID, Migration/Emulation experiments
Stakeholders meet to decide how to describe what is in a dig repository
Examine special properties of particular classes of digital objects
Technical standards for exchange and interoperability btwn repositories
Develop projects and case studies
Copyright issues

95. Other Digital Preservation Activities-
LC Natl Dig Info Infrastructure & Preservation
InterPARES
Emulation Projects
E-Journal Archiving
ERPANET
Persistent Naming

96. LC’s National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
Authorized Dec 2000
LC, Dept of Commerce, NARA, White House Office of Sci & Tech Policy
with help from CLIR, NLM, NAL, OCLC, RLG
Ongoing collab process
Commissioned papers on preserving: the Web, periodicals, digital sound, E-Books, Digital TV, Digital Video

97. InterPARES International Research on Permanent Authentication Records in Electronic Systems
Ongoing international archival world project examining how to make electronically-generated records last over time
Developing the theoretical and methodological knowledge needed, then will formulate model policies, strategies, and standards
In 2003 was extended to include images and rich media

98. Emulation Projects
CAMiLEON (Michigan/Leeds)
NEDLIB

99. E-Journal Archiving Issues Mellon funded projects (2001)
License, don’t own; may not be even able to obtain right to make archival copy
Increasingly no paper back-up at all
Usually we don’t have the important redundancy factor
Mellon funded projects (2001)
Yale, Harvard, Penn working w/individual publishers
Cornell, NYPL--specific disciplines
MIT exploring characteristics that change (dynamic)\
Stanford--archiving software tools

100. Electronic Resource Preservation and Access NETwork (ERPANET)
Best practices and skills development for digital preservation of cultural heritage and scientific objects
3 year project launched Nov 2001; 1.2 million Euros

101. Persistent Naming
URNs
Handles
PURLs
Re-directs

102. Other Elements- Actors Metadata Other Metadata
Preserving Electronic Art

103. Reference Models for Digital Libraries: Actors and Roles
DELOS/NSF Working Group
Reference Models for Digital Libraries: Actors and Roles

104. NSF/DELOS Actors/Roles Project
Classes of Actors, including
Persons
Organizations
automata
Roles & implications
Production
Dissemination
Management
use

105. Multimedia & Collaborative Authorship imply
Not only:
Authors
Editors
Publishers
But also creators of
Text
Illustrations
Composers
Musicians...

106. And goes beyond conventional authors
Others that are part of digital library process
Users
Catalogers
Reference librarians
Even other groups/entities
Software agents
Mediators
Special rights holders...

107. Borbinha’s “naive tentative sketch” of the problem...
User
Registered
Anonymous
Librarian
Agent
Creator
Editor
Distributor
Preservation
Publication
Licensing
Acquisition
Registration
Dissemination
Search
Digital Library
Access

108. Benefits for Linking metadata to authority records Rights management
Privacy protection

109. Deliverables
Workshop proceedings: proceedings with invited contributions and papers selected from a call, intended to be a reference source for the current state of the art.
White paper:
Definition and introduction to the problem.
Description and analysis of the requirements.
A proposal to the community for a reference model, focusing on definitions of key concepts, terminology, classes of agents, services, relationships, etc.
Proposals for an international agenda for further technical and collaborative developments.

110. Core group DELOS (Europe)
José Borbinha, National Library of Portugal (DELOS coordinator)
Michel Mabe, Elsevier Science, UK (Publishing industry)
Peter Mutschke, Social Science Information Centre, Germany (Software agents, Information Retrieval)
Hans-Jörg Lieder, Berlin State Library, Germany (LEAF project)
Gunnar Karlsen, University of Bergen, Norway (Archives)
WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organisation
Glenn Macstravic
NSF (USA)
John Kunze, University of California, USA (NSF coordinator)
Barbara Tillett, Library of Congress, USA (Libraries)
Becky Dean, OCLC, USA (Libraries services)
Angela Spinazze, CIMI/RLG, USA (Museums)
Howard Besser, University of California, USA (Multimedia and digital art production)
DCMI - Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
Warwick Cathro, National Library of Australia

111. Work plan Phase 1: Starting (March - April 2002)
Tuning objectives, scope, and action plan
Identification of reference sources
Call for contributions to the workshop
Phase 2: Internal Discussion (May - June 2002)
Analysis of the problem
Draft paper
Phase 3: Public Discussion (July - October 2002)
Expose the draft paper. Promote open public discussion
Workshop in Portugal (July 3-5). Workshop report
Draft paper (second version)
Phase 4: Conclusions (November - December 2002)
Review of the work done...
Final report

112. ... Actors and Roles ???

113. Data Structures: The VRA Core
28 elements specifically for visual resource collections
Work Description Categories-
Visual Document Description Categories-

114. VRA Core: Work Description Categories
Work type
Title
Measurements
Material
Technique
Creator
Role
Date
Repository name
Repository place
Repository number
Current site
Original site
Style/period/group/movement
Nationality/culture
Subject
Related work
Relationship type
Notes

115. VRA Core: Visual Document Description Categories
Visual document type
Visual document format
Visual document measurements
Visual document date
Visual document owner
Visual document owner number
Visual document view description
Visual document subject
Visual document source

116. Data Value Metadata (vocabularies)
LCSH
TGM
AAT
ULAN
TGN
VRA Core

117. LCSH
very general

118. Thesaurus for Graphic Materials
designed for subject indexing of pictorial materials, particularly large general collections of historical images
for cataloging and retrieval
good for general audiences and broad approaches to the material
TGM-I: Subject Terms & TGM-II: Genre and Physical Characteristic Terms

119. AAT
120,000 terms
for describing objects, textual materials, images, architecture, and material culture from antiquity to present
large and complex

120. ULAN
name authority

121. Thesaurus of Geographic Names
over 1 million records
hierarchical and global
throughout history
most records include coordinates and descriptive notes

122. Metadata for Digital Commerce
DOI
<indecs>-

123. <Indecs>
formal structure for describing and uniquely identifying intellectual property itself, the people and businesses involved in its trading, and the agreements which they make about it (primarily for publishing, music, and visual arts)
will develop high-level specifications for the services that will be required to implement a global IP trading system based on this <indecs> generic data model
focus is on encoding rights at a high level, not on resource discovery
likely to involve metadata schma registration and directory to allow interoperation of personal identifiers for rightsholders and users
supported by EEC DG-13
First meeting July 1999

124. What’s special about Cult Heritage Materials?
Images & rich media
Inter-relationships btwn parts
For Contemporary Art: What is the Work?-

125. LeWitt: Wall Drawing 340

126. Installing LeWitt

127. LeWitt Install Directions

128. Complexity of Rich Media
Works often have artistic nature (including video games)
Enormous number of elements can, at times, be very important to preserve (pacing, original artifact, elements used to construct the artifact)
Too complex to save every one of these aspects for every type of material
Importance of saving documentation

129. What can we do specific to Electronic Art?
Works themselves may no longer even exist; in many cases, what we can save amounts to forensic evidence
Enormous number of elements can, at times, be very important to preserve (pacing, original artifact, elements used to construct the artifact)
Too complex to save every one of these aspects for every type of material
Importance of saving pieces, representations, and documentation
Involve the artists to capture their intentions
Importance of Standards
Familiarize ourselves with recent conservation developments (Who Knows?, TechArcheology, Tate, IMAP)

130. Standards for encoding artists intentions (group efforts w/i Cult Heritage community)
Artists Interviews Project, Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage , Modern Art: Who Cares (
TechArcheology: A Symposium on Installation Preservation (SFMOMA)
More recent SFMOMA/Tate collaborations
IMAP
Guggenheim’s Variable Media

131. Structural Metadata Standards for Encoding Multimedia- (no time for details)
SMIL
MPEG 4

132. A few questions our community should address
Special issues raised by non-library institutions
Special issues raised by images and rich media
What is the work (or salient points we need to preserve)?
Bring the arts communities (artist intent, BAVC) together with the preservation repository communities and the preservation metadata communities
Specifically get Cult Heritage communities involved with the selected OCLC/RLG recommendations
Get cult heritage groups started on working to make sure that structure standards incorporate our works
What organizations will take responsibility to save today’s digital “ephemeral” materials (online ‘zines, arts discussion groups, etc.)?

133. Digital Repository Traditions & Services require
Sustainability
Interoperability
Access
And all of these require Standards and Metadata

134. Building a Digital Future: Sustainable, Interoperable, Accessible Repositories
Howard Besser, NYU Archiving & Preservation Program
Bernie Hurley, UC Berkeley Library
Baca, Murtha (ed). Introduction to Metadata, Los Angeles: Getty Information Institute, 1998
METS official site:
UC Libraries Systemwide Operations and Planning Advisory Group (SOPAG) Site
for the UC Digital Preservation & Archiving Committee Final Report, the Access Integration Model white paper and the Library Services Privacy report