1. 13.1 Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates
Digestion is the hydrolysis of food molecules to small molecules for absorption and utilization by cells for energy and other metabolic needs.
Figure 21-6: Carbohydrate digestion

2. Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
Monosaccharide
(Absorption)
Starts in mouth
Completed in small intestine
Nothing happens in the
stomach because it is too
acidic.
animation

3. Chemistry of Digestion: Carbohydrates
Mouth
Small intestine
Blood
Figure 21-6: Carbohydrate digestion

4. Fig. 13.2
Summary of carbohydrate digestion in the human body.

5. 13.2 Glycolysis Fig. 13.3 An overview of glycolysis. see handout
KNOW for all 10 reactions:
Structures and names of carbohydrates and metabolites
Symbols of all cofactors
Reaction types
Enzyme names

6. Summary of ATP production from glucose in glycolysis
Table 24.1
6 2(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate1,3-bisphosphoglycerate NADH
3 ATP
total ATP from glycolysis ATP
Each NADH in cytosol eventually yields 1.5 ATP (see the next slide)

7. The dihyroxyacetone phosphate-glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle to.
Fig. 13.8
The dihyroxyacetone phosphate-glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle to.
Each FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP in the ETC
ETC

8. 13.2 Glycolysis (cont.) Regulation of glycolysis Note:
Rxn 1. Glucose-6-phosphate inhibits this step
Rxn 3. ATP inhibits this step
Rxn 10. ATP inhibits this step
Note:
A ll enzymes that are regulated are “kinase” enzymes.
High levels of ATP (low bodily energy use) inhibits glycolysis.

9. 13.3 Fates of pyruvate
Fig. 13.6
The three common fates of pyruvate generated by glycolysis.

10. Fig. 13.7
All three of the common fates of pyruvate from glycolysis provide for the regeneration of NAD+ from NADH.

11. Fig. 13.10 Pyruvate also makes oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate is involved in both gluconeogenesis and the Krebs cycle.

12. NADH from pyruvate  acetyl-CoA yields
5 ATP in the mitochondrial matrix

13. Page 470. Summary of glucose metabolism

14. 30 ATP Total ATP from metabolism of glucose C6H12O6 + O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
Glycolysis  5 ATP
Pyruvate  5 ATP
Krebs cycle  20 ATP
30 ATP

15. Fig. 13.13 The relationships among four common metabolic pathways that involve glucose.
oxaloacetate
Krebs cycle

16. Page 470. Summary of glucose metabolism